一、為害症狀:baicaiduozaibaoxinqikaishifabing,bingzhuyoujiechudimiandeyebinghegenjianbukaishifabing,bingbuchuweishuijinzhuangbantouming,houkuodaweidanhuiheseshifu,bingzuzhinianhua,shishuihoubiaomianxiaxian,changyichuwubaisejunnong,bingyouechou,youshiyinqisuibufulan。fabingchuqi,bingzhuwaiyezailierixiaxiachuiweinian,erzaowankeyifuyuan,houjianbunenghuifuyuanzhuang,bingzhuwaiyepingtiedimian,yeqiuwailu,bingzhuyibeijiaotidao。zuihouzhengzhuruanhua、腐爛。有時,在運輸途中也會發生軟化腐爛現象。
二、發病規律:夏季高溫期(8~9月)播種的栽培型和秋季溫暖年份發生較多。另外,低窪地發病多,高地、幹燥地發病少。包心期遇高溫、多雨潮濕天氣病害嚴重發生。氮肥過多植株徒長、水(shui)淹(yan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)及(ji)台(tai)風(feng)大(da)雨(yu)造(zao)成(cheng)傷(shang)害(hai)的(de)植(zhi)株(zhu)易(yi)發(fa)病(bing)。大(da)白(bai)菜(cai)定(ding)植(zhi)後(hou)至(zhi)長(chang)心(xin)葉(ye)這(zhe)個(ge)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)軟(ruan)腐(fu)病(bing)不(bu)易(yi)發(fa)生(sheng)。植(zhi)株(zhu)外(wai)葉(ye)即(ji)將(jiang)罩(zhao)嚴(yan)地(di)麵(mian)的(de)時(shi)候(hou)軟(ruan)腐(fu)病(bing)開(kai)始(shi)發(fa)生(sheng),至(zhi)收(shou)獲(huo)期(qi)均(jun)為(wei)發(fa)病(bing)期(qi)。
三、防治方法:
(1)選用抗病品種:抗軟腐病的大白菜品種有綠寶、中白l號、北京小雜50、津東中青1號、龍協白2號、連白1號、冀白菜4號、新雜1號、魯白7號、魯光18、魯白10、魯白11,各地可因地製宜選用。
(2)適時播種:大白菜軟腐病的發生與播種期關係密切。一般適於防治霜黴病和病毒病的最適播期也適用於防治軟腐病。春白菜2月下旬至3月播種,4~5月采收;夏白菜5~6月播種,7~8月采收;秋冬白菜7~10月播種,9~10月采收。可根據當地氣候條件適當調整播種期,幹旱、地薄時,應提前幾天,雨順、地肥時,可適當延後幾天。150克種子用100克菜豐寧B1100克拌種。或用代森鋅或福美雙拌種,其藥量為種子量的0.4%。
(3)精細整地、高壟種植、做好田間管理:高壟、高gao畦qi栽zai培pei是shi有you利li排pai水shui防fang旱han的de,有you利li秋qiu大da白bai菜cai根gen係xi生sheng長chang發fa育yu,而er不bu利li各ge種zhong病bing原yuan真zhen菌jun孢bao子zi的de產chan生sheng。大da白bai菜cai軟ruan腐fu病bing屬shu細xi菌jun性xing病bing害hai,可ke通tong過guo流liu水shui經jing傷shang口kou傳chuan播bo,田tian間jian積ji水shui是shi促cu使shi軟ruan腐fu病bing發fa生sheng的de原yuan因yin。因yin此ci采cai用yong高gao壟long種zhong植zhi可ke明ming顯xian地di減jian輕qing軟ruan腐fu病bing發fa生sheng。幹gan旱han年nian份fen不bu要yao過guo分fen蹲dun苗miao,田tian間jian作zuo業ye防fang止zhi傷shang根gen、傷(shang)葉(ye),包(bao)心(xin)後(hou)澆(jiao)水(shui)要(yao)均(jun)勻(yun),防(fang)止(zhi)形(xing)成(cheng)生(sheng)理(li)傷(shang)口(kou),澆(jiao)水(shui)前(qian)先(xian)清(qing)除(chu)病(bing)株(zhu)帶(dai)出(chu)田(tian)外(wai),病(bing)穴(xue)撒(sa)上(shang)石(shi)灰(hui)或(huo)殺(sha)菌(jun)劑(ji)後(hou)再(zai)澆(jiao)水(shui)。封(feng)壟(long)後(hou)應(ying)避(bi)免(mian)人(ren)為(wei)進(jin)去(qu)造(zao)成(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)傷(shang),注(zhu)意(yi)化(hua)肥(fei)燒(shao)傷(shang),避(bi)免(mian)暴(bao)幹(gan)暴(bao)濕(shi)產(chan)生(sheng)生(sheng)理(li)裂(lie)傷(shang),及(ji)時(shi)防(fang)治(zhi)蟲(chong)害(hai)減(jian)少(shao)蟲(chong)傷(shang),防(fang)治(zhi)葉(ye)部(bu)病(bing)害(hai)減(jian)少(shao)病(bing)傷(shang),要(yao)想(xiang)盡(jin)辦(ban)法(fa)把(ba)傷(shang)口(kou)降(jiang)到(dao)最(zui)低(di)限(xian)度(du),切(qie)斷(duan)侵(qin)染(ran)途(tu)徑(jing)。大(da)雨(yu)過(guo)後(hou)要(yao)及(ji)時(shi)排(pai)水(shui),切(qie)忌(ji)大(da)水(shui)漫(man)澆(jiao),如(ru)果(guo)傷(shang)口(kou)較(jiao)多(duo),要(yao)適(shi)當(dang)拖(tuo)延(yan)澆(jiao)水(shui)時(shi)間(jian),創(chuang)造(zao)愈(yu)合(he)傷(shang)口(kou)條(tiao)件(jian),加(jia)速(su)傷(shang)口(kou)愈(yu)合(he)。秋(qiu)大(da)白(bai)菜(cai)對(dui)氮(dan)肥(fei)非(fei)常(chang)敏(min)感(gan)。用(yong)肥(fei)要(yao)“genjuturangfeilihezuowuchangshijinxingyoujiyuwujifeiliaohunhehuowujiyushengwujunfeixianghunheyingyong,shixingpinghengzhuifeifangfa。zhebudankemanzuqiudabaicaishengchangqijiandeyangfenxuyao,tongshihaikedadaoyufangdabaicaiganranruanfubingdemude。
(4)認真治蟲減少病原入侵的傷口:苗期開始防治食葉及鑽蛀性害蟲如菜青蟲、甘藍夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、小菜蛾、菜螟、根蛆、黃條跳甲等,可及時用50%辛硫磷乳油1000倍液、90%敵百蟲原粉1000倍液灌根1~2次,對軟腐病的防治效果十分顯著。此外,病毒病、霜黴病、黑腐病等病害都可能加重軟腐病的危害。因此,要做好這些病害的防治。可選用72%克露可濕性粉劑600倍液、72.5%霜黴威水劑600倍液,或58%甲霜靈錳鋅可濕性粉劑500倍液,或75%百菌清可濕性粉劑500倍液,於發病初期噴霧防治,每隔7~10天一次,連續防治2~3次。
(5)藥劑防治:藥劑防治應提前噴藥預防,已發病的地塊應連續用藥3~4ci,jiangeyizhouzuoyou。penyaoshi,yingzhuyipenzaijiejindibiaodeyebingjijingjibu。duibingzhuzhongpen,baokuozhouweidibiaoheyaxin,fabingjiaozhongdedikuaikecaiquyaoyejiaogen。yingyongdeyaojikexuanyongxialiejizhong:硫酸鏈黴素或農用鏈黴素150~200PPM;70%敵克鬆可濕性粉劑800~1000倍液;DT殺菌劑700倍;新植黴素200PPM;60%百菌通可濕性粉劑500倍;或噴灑50%代森銨可濕性粉劑600~800倍液。
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