蘋果幹腐病主要危害蘋果大樹和小樹枝幹及蘋果果實,造成樹皮腐爛和爛果。此病蘋果產區均發生嚴重。
大樹發病有兩種症狀,潰瘍型和枝枯型。
主幹、zhuzhicezhiduokuiyangxing。fabingchuqi,bingbuchenganhese,xingzhuangbuguizheng,biaomianshirun,bingpijiaojianying,changyichuchahesezhianhesenianchouzhuangyeti,yufulanbingqubiemingxian,bingbanduoweilandaomuzhibu。bingbushishuihou,gansuoaoxian,chengheihese,zhouyuankailie,yiqiaoqi。ganfubingyibanzhiweihaishupibiaoceng,bingbanjiaoxiao,jiaofensan,danbuzhuyifangzhi,fabingyanzhongshi,xuduobingbanlianchengdapian,bufenbingpiyekelandaomuzhibu,shushixueruoyanzhong,shenzhizaochengsizhisishu。
枝枯型多發生在長勢弱的細枝條或側枝、輔養枝上,病斑呈紫褐色至暗褐色,邊緣不明顯,擴展較快,深達木質部,使枝條很快幹枯死亡。此病在幹旱園地或土層淺、保水不好的山地果園,長勢特弱的大枝發病較多。鋸口下樹皮發病時呈條狀,暗褐色、較硬、凹陷壞死,最後造成大枝或全樹枯死。
youshuyibanzaidingzhihoudechunjikaishifabing,tebieshijiajiekouhuoshuganshangxingchengbuguizhenghuotuoyuanxingbingban,chenganhesezhiheihese。houqi,bingbanaoxian,bianyuankailie。
果實多在成熟期或儲藏期發病較重,其症狀與輪紋病所致的爛果無區別。
防治方法
一、培養健壯的樹勢。在深翻改土增施農家肥和氮、磷、jiafeipeihezhuishidetongshi,jinxingdixiaxiujian,qudiaolangenbinggen。jishifangzhiqitabingchonghai,fangzhizaoqiluoye,helixiujianbingtiaojie,yangekongzhijieguoliang。duilaoguoyuanhelaoruoshuyaojishigengxin。zaijiaoshuifangmianyaozhuyiqiujikongshui,xiajipaishuihechunjijishijiaoshui,kemingxianjiangdifabing,dadaoshutizishenkangbingnengli。
二、刮治病斑。大樹枝幹部位發病,病斑多限於表層,刮治時隻刮淨病皮即可。刮麵要光滑,不留毛茬,刮後塗3~5波美度石硫合劑或2~3倍腐必清乳劑或5%菌毒清水劑等。刮下的病皮及時燒毀或深埋。
三、大病的補救。刮治後要及時進行橋接或腳接。方法是在春季發芽後利用傷口下部萌發的徒長枝或萌蘖做接穗,將其上端剪斷並削成3~4limidexiemian,charushangkoushangduanqieyouzongxiangchangfangxingqiekoudepicengnei,ranhouyongtiedingguding。rumeiyoutuchangzhihuomengnie,jiangdongjianshijiandiaodecuzhuangdeyinianshengzhi,yubeiyinchushazang,daipingguofayashiquchu,jiangqiliangduanxuechengxiemian,qianrushangkoushang、下xia端duan接jie口kou,同tong樣yang用yong鐵tie釘ding固gu定ding,最zui後hou把ba接jie口kou全quan部bu塗tu上shang粘zhan泥ni密mi封feng。傷shang口kou高gao的de用yong塑su料liao布bu條tiao包bao紮zha,最zui好hao用yong塑su料liao布bu兜dou些xie濕shi泥ni保bao持chi接jie口kou外wai側ce濕shi度du。傷shang口kou低di的de可ke培pei上shang濕shi土tu。這zhe樣yang接jie後hou兩liang個ge月yue成cheng活huo,之zhi後hou解jie除chu塑su料liao布bu等deng,並bing剪jian掉diao接jie口kou上shang的de枝zhi條tiao。此ci法fa實shi施shi,要yao求qiu越yue早zao越yue好hao。
四、新(xin)栽(zai)幼(you)樹(shu),應(ying)選(xuan)壯(zhuang)苗(miao)並(bing)挖(wa)大(da)坑(keng)施(shi)足(zu)肥(fei)水(shui),縮(suo)短(duan)緩(huan)苗(miao)期(qi)。秋(qiu)季(ji)加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)大(da)青(qing)葉(ye)蟬(chan)的(de)防(fang)治(zhi),以(yi)免(mian)在(zai)枝(zhi)條(tiao)上(shang)產(chan)卵(luan)而(er)使(shi)枝(zhi)條(tiao)散(san)失(shi)水(shui)分(fen),以(yi)減(jian)輕(qing)發(fa)病(bing)。
總之,蘋果幹腐病貴在防治,樹上樹下一齊管,發現枯枝要盡快燒毀。旱園搞好蓄水工程,果農進行樹盤覆草,可起到較好的效果。
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