從農事管理來看,白露既是作物成熟與收獲的季節,也是越冬作物準備播種的季節。這裏可例舉各地的農諺加以說明,如晉、冀、魯、豫、陝、甘、寧的農諺“白露砍高粱,寒露打完場”;豫、陝、晉、魯、鄂地區關於冬小麥播種的農諺,“白露種高山,寒露種平川”;上海的農諺“早稻白露前,晚稻白露後”。對於北方的果樹生產來說,白露時節正是許多落葉果樹的成熟—摘果期,如早、中熟蘋果、梨、晚(wan)熟(shu)葡(pu)萄(tao)和(he)冬(dong)棗(zao)等(deng),這(zhe)些(xie)果(guo)樹(shu)在(zai)白(bai)露(lu)時(shi)節(jie)需(xu)要(yao)施(shi)用(yong)摘(zhai)果(guo)肥(fei)。從(cong)理(li)論(lun)和(he)經(jing)驗(yan)兩(liang)方(fang)麵(mian)都(dou)說(shuo)明(ming),果(guo)樹(shu)秋(qiu)施(shi)肥(fei)比(bi)春(chun)施(shi)肥(fei)好(hao),秋(qiu)冬(dong)時(shi)節(jie)早(zao)施(shi)肥(fei)比(bi)晚(wan)施(shi)肥(fei)好(hao)。
以yi蘋ping果guo樹shu為wei例li,在zai果guo實shi采cai摘zhai後hou,及ji時shi施shi用yong摘zhai果guo肥fei有you利li於yu果guo園yuan來lai年nian的de持chi續xu增zeng產chan。由you於yu果guo樹shu的de根gen係xi是shi養yang分fen吸xi收shou與yu貯zhu藏zang的de器qi官guan,第di二er年nian春chun季ji生sheng長chang發fa育yu所suo需xu的de養yang分fen多duo來lai源yuan於yu根gen係xi的de貯zhu藏zang,可ke以yi說shuo根gen係xi貯zhu藏zang養yang分fen的de水shui平ping決jue定ding著zhe來lai年nian花hua芽ya分fen化hua的de質zhi量liang,也ye決jue定ding果guo樹shu的de抗kang寒han性xing等deng性xing狀zhuang。一yi般ban處chu於yu地di下xia的de果guo樹shu根gen係xi沒mei有you自zi然ran休xiu眠mian,隻zhi要yao條tiao件jian適shi宜yi,全quan年nian根gen係xi都dou可ke發fa生sheng及ji生sheng長chang,而er且qie在zai9月初開始的秋季,不同果樹將先後出現根係生長的高峰期。如果今年果實豐產、地di上shang部bu負fu荷he過guo大da,但dan是shi秋qiu天tian不bu及ji時shi施shi肥fei,根gen係xi營ying養yang跟gen不bu上shang,甚shen至zhi不bu生sheng長chang秋qiu根gen,那na會hui嚴yan重zhong影ying響xiang越yue冬dong和he春chun季ji發fa根gen。因yin為wei早zao春chun根gen係xi生sheng長chang所suo需xu要yao的de養yang分fen主zhu要yao是shi貯zhu藏zang營ying養yang,如ru果guo頭tou年nian秋qiu錯cuo過guo了le摘zhai果guo肥fei,造zao成cheng貯zhu藏zang營ying養yang不bu足zu,必bi定ding要yao減jian少shao春chun季ji發fa根gen和he發fa芽ya。
yidanfeiweili,butongdeshidanshiqiduiguoshudeshengchangfayuyoubutongdeyingxiang。duipingguoeryan,qiushidanfei,jishishidanliangxiaoyuchunshiliang,dandierniankaihuazuoguodexiaoguohaishifeichangmingxiande。yinweicongcaishoudaoluoyeshidansuyingyangzhubeiqi,ciqidanhanliangdegaodiduiyinianyouzhihuayadefenhuahechuanggaochandouqizhezhongyaozuoyong。dangranqiushifeichuledanfeiyiwai,linjiafeiyetongyangzhongyao。gonglinchongzunengshiguoshuruqiwanchengzhitiaoshengchangjieduan,cujinhuayafenhua,tigaozuoguolv,erqielinduidansuyingyangyoutiaojiezuoyong;此外,果樹需鉀量大,增施鉀肥能促進果實增大,增加果實單果重。
總之秋施基肥的好處有:第一,使果樹主要根係的生長量和吸收機能都比較活躍。秋施的氮肥被根係吸收後,成為樹體的貯藏營養,成為次年開花、展(zhan)葉(ye)的(de)營(ying)養(yang)來(lai)源(yuan)。第(di)二(er),秋(qiu)季(ji)晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha)大(da),散(san)射(she)光(guang)比(bi)例(li)增(zeng)加(jia),施(shi)肥(fei)後(hou)有(you)利(li)於(yu)提(ti)高(gao)葉(ye)片(pian)的(de)光(guang)合(he)效(xiao)率(lv)。第(di)三(san),如(ru)果(guo)這(zhe)時(shi)施(shi)用(yong)有(you)機(ji)肥(fei)料(liao),有(you)較(jiao)充(chong)分(fen)的(de)時(shi)間(jian)供(gong)根(gen)係(xi)吸(xi)收(shou)、運轉,並在樹體內貯藏起來。秋季施肥是果園施肥製度中的重要環節,也是全年施肥的基礎。
這裏再舉一例,對於冬棗來說,白露節氣的施肥同樣很重要。冬棗是淺根性果樹,9月初後生長趨緩,基肥施用時期要比蘋果樹還早一點。它具有萌芽晚、luoyezaodetexing,zaishengchanshangyaogenjuzheyitedianzhuyitigaoqizhuzangyangfenshuiping。dongzaozaiguoshiyingheqichuxiangenxishengchanggaofeng,weitigaoshutidezhuzangdanshuiping,cujinyinianshengchangfayu,yaozaiguoshiyingheqishiyongdanlinfei。zhehuiyouliyuxiumianqizhuzangdandejileiheyinianshenghuaqideshengchangfayu。lirutuijiandongzaoqiujishiyongsanyuanfuhefeimeimu20~30公斤。
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