甘蔗生產全程機械化包括耕整地、種植、中耕施肥、植保、收獲、裝運等工序,而收獲包括切梢、切割、清理和裝運等作業工序,其工作量最多,也最為艱苦,約占生產甘蔗總作業量的55%。其中各工序的時間比例為:收割占17.0%,剝葉占59.3%,清理打捆占10.9%,裝運占12.8%。
甘蔗機械收獲按收獲方式分有分段式收獲和聯合收獲兩種,其中分段式收獲機械包括甘蔗割鋪機、甘蔗剝葉機、甘蔗裝載機等類型,多數屬於整杆式收獲機械;而甘蔗聯合收獲機包括整杆式聯合收獲機和切段式聯合收獲機兩大類型。國內外已研製的甘蔗收獲機械的機型及主要性能參數。
甘蔗割鋪機
甘蔗割鋪機多數為自走式的小型割鋪機或配套中小型輪式拖拉機,較為方便在甘蔗田間轉移作業,配套動力多數為4 kW~25 kW,一般由圓盤切割刀、daibozhidelianshifuzheqihepufangzhuangzhidengzucheng。zuoyeshifuzheqibadaofudeganzhezhizhufuqilai,tongshizhegenbeiyuanpanqiegedaoqieduanhoujingpufangzhuangzhihengxiangpufangzaidimianshang。qijiegoutedian:一般安裝地麵仿形機構,割台高低可調。代表機型如日本久保田公司生產的NB-11K型,中國農機研究院研製的前置式甘蔗割鋪機等。
甘蔗剝葉機
duoshuweixiaoxingzizoushiboyejihuoshoufutuolajizuoweipeitaodonglishi,yifangbianzaizhetianjianyidongzuoye,shiyinghengxiangpufangchengduideganzheboyezuoye。boyeyuanjiandeshiyongshouming,boyexiaoguoshiboyebujianshejideguanjian,yeshiganzheshouhuojixieshejidenandian。guoquguoneiwaiyanzhideboyejijuncaiyongxiangjiaoboyebujian,youyuxiangjiaobujianyimosun,shoumingduan,qieduiyuwanqu、daxiaobujundeganzhezhizhushiyingxingchaerweinengdamianjiyingyong。erjinnianyanzhideboyejitongguocaiyongnilongsizhuangheboshuazongchengdengboyebujian,zonghexingnengyousuotigao。guangxidaxueyanzhide4ZB-6A型甘蔗剝葉機,采用上、下剝刷總成結構,其主要技術指標已達到國外同類機型的水平。
甘蔗裝載機
甘蔗裝載機主要有3種型式:yishiliaodoushizhuangzaiji,anzhuangzaituolajishangkeshengjiangdezhuanyongliaodou,jinsuizheganzheboyejiyiqiqianxing,chengjiexueyejigouqieduanhoudeganzheduan,zhuangmanhouxierudibiandebaozhuangdaizhong。ershizhuadiaoshizhuangzaiji,anzhuangyoushengjiangjigou,kebachengduideganzhezhuadiaoruyunshukache 。三san是shi提ti升sheng式shi裝zhuang載zai機ji,采cai用yong雙shuang鏈lian式shi提ti升sheng結jie構gou,多duo數shu是shi移yi動dong式shi,配pei置zhi小xiao型xing柴chai油you機ji,可ke安an裝zhuang在zai手shou扶fu拖tuo拉la機ji上shang,方fang便bian轉zhuan移yi,也ye有you由you電dian動dong機ji驅qu動dong的de固gu定ding式shi。廣guang西xi南nan寧ning市shi農nong機ji化hua技ji術shu推tui廣guang站zhan研yan製zhi的de5S-15型手扶拖拉機式甘蔗提升裝載機。
甘蔗聯合收獲機
切段式收獲時,必須在24小時內到達糖廠進行壓榨,否則會引起原料變質和含糖量損失。其工藝過程主要有分蔗、扶蔗、切梢、切蔗根、輸送蔗株、除雜、切段、輸送蔗段並篩除泥沙、風選除雜、蔗(zhe)段(duan)裝(zhuang)車(che)等(deng)。作(zuo)業(ye)時(shi),切(qie)梢(shao)圓(yuan)盤(pan)刀(dao)切(qie)斷(duan)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)梢(shao)並(bing)將(jiang)其(qi)拋(pao)向(xiang)已(yi)切(qie)割(ge)地(di)麵(mian),割(ge)台(tai)兩(liang)側(ce)的(de)螺(luo)旋(xuan)扶(fu)蔗(zhe)器(qi)把(ba)甘(gan)蔗(zhe)植(zhi)株(zhu)導(dao)入(ru)割(ge)台(tai)。甘(gan)蔗(zhe)植(zhi)株(zhu)被(bei)機(ji)架(jia)推(tui)向(xiang)前(qian)傾(qing)斜(xie),根(gen)部(bu)被(bei)底(di)部(bu)的(de)圓(yuan)盤(pan)刀(dao)切(qie)斷(duan),蔗(zhe)株(zhu)經(jing)提(ti)升(sheng)輥(gun)和(he)上(shang)下(xia)輸(shu)送(song)輥(gun)送(song)到(dao)切(qie)段(duan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi),被(bei)切(qie)成(cheng)25~40毫米的甘蔗段先後經2個軸流風機吸除輕雜物,較重雜物在升運器的底板孔中排出機外,甘蔗段則由升運器拋送入平行行駛的裝運車中。動力配套147~245千瓦,生產效率最高可達50噸/小時。代表機型為凱斯-7000型切段式甘蔗聯合收獲機、廣西農機研究院的切段式甘蔗聯合收獲機。
整zheng杆gan式shi收shou獲huo時shi,甘gan蔗zhe斷duan口kou少shao,可ke儲chu存cun較jiao長chang時shi間jian,且qie損sun失shi少shao,收shou獲huo和he裝zhuang運yun可ke分fen開kai進jin行xing,但dan收shou獲huo的de甘gan蔗zhe由you於yu車che廂xiang利li用yong率lv低di而er不bu便bian於yu裝zhuang運yun,並bing對dui嚴yan重zhong倒dao伏fu的de甘gan蔗zhe適shi應ying性xing較jiao差cha。整zheng杆gan式shi甘gan蔗zhe聯lian合he收shou獲huo機ji工gong藝yi過guo程cheng一yi般ban為wei分fen蔗zhe、扶蔗、切梢、切蔗根、剝葉、jiduideng。zuoyeshijishaoganjiangzheshaoyinruqieshaoyuanpandao,qiexiadeganzheshaoyouboshaolunpaoxiangyiqiegedimian,ganzhezhizhubeituishaogantuixiangqianqingxie,youshuangyuanpanqiegedaoqieduanganzhegenbu,bingdaofuyuqiegedaopanshang。
在切割刀盤麵、喂(wei)入(ru)撥(bo)輪(lun)和(he)提(ti)升(sheng)輥(gun)的(de)共(gong)同(tong)作(zuo)用(yong)下(xia),喂(wei)入(ru)剝(bo)葉(ye)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)剝(bo)葉(ye)作(zuo)業(ye),將(jiang)葉(ye)清(qing)出(chu)機(ji)外(wai),甘(gan)蔗(zhe)送(song)入(ru)機(ji)後(hou)的(de)裝(zhuang)運(yun)車(che)內(nei)。代(dai)表(biao)機(ji)型(xing)是(shi)廣(guang)西(xi)農(nong)機(ji)研(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)研(yan)製(zhi)的(de)KALTOR-80型。
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