生(sheng)物(wu)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)作(zuo)為(wei)實(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)中(zhong)最(zui)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)儀(yi)器(qi)
，頻(pin)繁(fan)使(shi)用(yong)之(zhi)後(hou)會(hui)出(chu)現(xian)一(yi)些(xie)故(gu)障(zhang)，使(shi)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)無(wu)法(fa)正(zheng)常(chang)使(shi)用(yong)。由(you)於(yu)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)精(jing)密(mi)貴(gui)重(zhong)儀(yi)器(qi)
，不(bu)可(ke)能(neng)隨(sui)時(shi)添(tian)置(zhi)和(he)更(geng)新(xin)。因(yin)此(ci)，及(ji)時(shi)排(pai)除(chu)故(gu)障(zhang)，使(shi)它(ta)經(jing)常(chang)處(chu)於(yu)完(wan)好(hao)的(de)工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態(tai)就(jiu)顯(xian)得(de)十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)了(le)。筆(bi)者(zhe)在(zai)幾(ji)年(nian)的(de)生(sheng)物(wu)實(shi)驗(yan)教(jiao)學(xue)中(zhong)，總(zong)結(jie)了(le)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)一(yi)些(xie)常(chang)見(jian)故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)修(xiu)理(li)辦(ban)法(fa)，供(gong)大(da)家(jia)參(can)考(kao)。

 

一、粗調失靈

 

故gu障zhang現xian象xiang是shi當dang轉zhuan動dong粗cu準zhun焦jiao螺luo旋xuan時shi，鏡jing筒tong不bu能neng隨sui之zhi升sheng降jiang。顯xian微wei鏡jing鏡jing簡jian的de升sheng降jiang是shi靠kao齒chi輪lun帶dai動dong因yin條tiao來lai實shi現xian的de
，而er齒chi輪lun固gu定ding在zai粗cu調tiao旋xuan鈕niu的de轉zhuan軸zhou上shang
，齒chi條tiao固gu定ding在zai鏡jing筒tong上shang。當dang轉zhuan動dong粗cu調tiao旋xuan鈕niu時shi，齒chi輪lun帶dai動dong條tiao使shi鏡jing筒tong升sheng降jiang。如ru果guo鏡jing筒tong不bu能neng隨sui之zhi升sheng降jiang，說shuo明ming齒chi輪lun與yu齒chi條tiao沒mei有you吻wen合he。常chang見jian的de故gu障zhang原yuan因yin是shi齒chi杆gan套tao隨sui粗cu調tiao旋xuan紐niu一yi起qi轉zhuan動dong，即ji齒chi杆gan套tao上shang的de二er個ge止zhi動dong螺luo釘ding沒mei有you把ba齒chi杆gan套tao固gu定ding在zai燕yan尾wei導dao軌gui上shang。修xiu理li方fang法fa是shi把ba齒chi輪lun移yi到dao齒chi杆gan套tao缺que口kou中zhong間jian，並bing讓rang齒chi杆gan套tao的de缺que口kou麵mian向xiang齒chi條tiao，再zai用yong小xiao螺luo絲si刀dao將jiang尾wei導dao軌gui端duan麵mian上shang的de二er個ge止zhi動dong螺luo釘ding旋xuan緊jin。如ru果guo無wu效xiao
，說shuo明ming齒chi條tiao磨mo損sun嚴yan重zhong，則ze需xu取qu下xia鏡jing筒tong，旋xuan出chu齒chi條tiao上shang、下(xia)的(de)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)，將(jiang)齒(chi)條(tiao)倒(dao)過(guo)來(lai)使(shi)用(yong)，因(yin)為(wei)齒(chi)條(tiao)磨(mo)損(sun)主(zhu)要(yao)發(fa)生(sheng)在(zai)齒(chi)條(tiao)的(de)上(shang)部(bu)。或(huo)者(zhe)根(gen)據(ju)齒(chi)條(tiao)寬(kuan)度(du)剪(jian)一(yi)條(tiao)金(jin)屬(shu)薄(bo)片(pian)，讓(rang)金(jin)屬(shu)薄(bo)片(pian)鑲(xiang)嵌(qian)在(zai)齒(chi)條(tiao)上(shang)，並(bing)用(yong)固(gu)定(ding)螺(luo)釘(ding)把(ba)薄(bo)片(pian)和(he)齒(chi)條(tiao)固(gu)定(ding)在(zai)鏡(jing)筒(tong)上(shang)，插(cha)上(shang)鏡(jing)筒(tong)調(tiao)試(shi)。如(ru)感(gan)到(dao)有(you)鬆(song)緊(jin)情(qing)況(kuang)，則(ze)可(ke)更(geng)換(huan)金(jin)屬(shu)薄(bo)片(pian)的(de)厚(hou)度(du)
，直(zhi)至(zhi)合(he)適(shi)為(wei)止(zhi)。或(huo)者(zhe)按(an)原(yuan)型(xing)號(hao)規(gui)格(ge)向(xiang)生(sheng)產(chan)廠(chang)家(jia)購(gou)買(mai)新(xin)齒(chi)條(tiao)。

 

二、鏡筒自行下滑

 

故(gu)障(zhang)現(xian)象(xiang)是(shi)當(dang)焦(jiao)距(ju)對(dui)準(zhun)後(hou)，手(shou)鬆(song)開(kai)準(zhun)焦(jiao)螺(luo)旋(xuan)，鏡(jing)簡(jian)會(hui)自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)
，導(dao)致(zhi)焦(jiao)距(ju)不(bu)準(zhun)。顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)粗(cu)調(tiao)構(gou)造(zao)中(zhong)，齒(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)的(de)鬆(song)緊(jin)一(yi)般(ban)是(shi)用(yong)齒(chi)杆(gan)套(tao)與(yu)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)力(li)的(de)大(da)小(xiao)來(lai)控(kong)製(zhi)的(de)
，而(er)齒(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒(chi)杆(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)力(li)是(shi)由(you)與(yu)齒(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)連(lian)接(jie)的(de)兩(liang)個(ge)粗(cu)調(tiao)旅(lv)鈕(niu)通(tong)過(guo)兩(liang)個(ge)塑(su)料(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)緊(jin)壓(ya)在(zai)齒(chi)杆(gan)套(tao)端(duan)麵(mian)上(shang)而(er)取(qu)得(de)的(de)。糧(liang)調(tiao)旋(xuan)或(huo)與(yu)齒(chi)杆(gan)套(tao)端(duan)麵(mian)壓(ya)得(de)越(yue)緊(jin)
，得(de)到(dao)的(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)力(li)就(jiu)越(yue)大(da)。鏡(jing)筒(tong)自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi)由(you)於(yu)墊(dian)圈(quan)使(shi)用(yong)日(ri)久(jiu)
，磨(mo)損(sun)變(bian)形(xing)，導(dao)致(zhi)齒(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒(chi)杆(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)力(li)減(jian)少(shao)，齒(chi)輪(lun)軸(zhou)與(yu)齒(chi)杆(gan)套(tao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)摩(mo)擦(ca)力(li)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)克(ke)服(fu)不(bu)了(le)鏡(jing)筒(tong)自(zi)身(shen)重(zhong)力(li)而(er)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)而(er)引(yin)起(qi)的(de)。修(xiu)理(li)方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)，雙(shuang)手(shou)各(ge)握(wo)一(yi)側(ce)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)，相(xiang)對(dui)按(an)照(zhao)順(shun)時(shi)針(zhen)方(fang)向(xiang)擰(ning)緊(jin)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)。如(ru)果(guo)無(wu)效(xiao)
，則(ze)需(xu)加(jia)厚(hou)墊(dian)圈(quan)。用(yong)尖(jian)嘴(zui)鉗(qian)插(cha)入(ru)任(ren)一(yi)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)端(duan)麵(mian)的(de)雙(shuang)眼(yan)螺(luo)母(mu)內(nei)
，將(jiang)其(qi)旋(xuan)出(chu)，取(qu)下(xia)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)，取(qu)出(chu)塑(su)料(liao)墊(dian)圈(quan)，用(yong)青(qing)殼(ke)紙(zhi)或(huo)薄(bo)塑(su)料(liao)片(pian)剪(jian)一(yi)個(ge)直(zhi)徑(jing)相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)
，夾(jia)在(zai)原(yuan)墊(dian)圈(quan)與(yu)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)之(zhi)間(jian)
，重(zhong)新(xin)裝(zhuang)好(hao)
，如(ru)果(guo)轉(zhuan)動(dong)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)鈕(niu)很(hen)費(fei)力(li)
，說(shuo)明(ming)墊(dian)圈(quan)加(jia)得(de)太(tai)厚(hou)了(le)
，應(ying)換(huan)個(ge)薄(bo)些(xie)的(de)墊(dian)圈(quan)，總(zong)之(zhi)以(yi)轉(zhuan)動(dong)粗(cu)調(tiao)旋(xuan)或(huo)有(you)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)阻(zu)力(li)又(you)要(yao)鏡(jing)筒(tong)不(bu)易(yi)自(zi)行(xing)下(xia)滑(hua)為(wei)準(zhun)。

 

三

、集光器不能定位或卡死

 

常見的集光器有二種：一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)圓(yuan)盤(pan)或(huo)光(guang)欄(lan)，在(zai)圓(yuan)盤(pan)卜(bu)有(you)大(da)小(xiao)不(bu)等(deng)的(de)圓(yuan)孔(kong)。這(zhe)種(zhong)光(guang)欄(lan)是(shi)依(yi)靠(kao)載(zai)物(wu)台(tai)下(xia)麵(mian)的(de)定(ding)位(wei)彈(dan)簧(huang)和(he)滾(gun)珠(zhu)卡(ka)在(zai)圓(yuan)盤(pan)的(de)定(ding)位(wei)孔(kong)中(zhong)來(lai)定(ding)位(wei)的(de)。當(dang)滾(gun)珠(zhu)遺(yi)失(shi)或(huo)彈(dan)簧(huang)失(shi)效(xiao)時(shi)都(dou)可(ke)能(neng)造(zao)成(cheng)光(guang)柱(zhu)不(bu)能(neng)定(ding)位(wei)。修(xiu)理(li)方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)更(geng)換(huan)滾(gun)珠(zhu)或(huo)彈(dan)簧(huang)。現(xian)在(zai)有(you)的(de)廠(chang)家(jia)已(yi)經(jing)把(ba)這(zhe)種(zhong)依(yi)靠(kao)彈(dan)簧(huang)和(he)滾(gun)珠(zhu)的(de)定(ding)位(wei)方(fang)法(fa)改(gai)為(wei)依(yi)靠(kao)彈(dan)簧(huang)片(pian)來(lai)定(ding)位(wei)

，這(zhe)種(zhong)結(jie)構(gou)更(geng)牢(lao)固(gu)，更(geng)不(bu)容(rong)易(yi)損(sun)壞(huai)。另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)是(shi)彩(cai)虹(hong)式(shi)光(guang)柱(zhu)，它(ta)是(shi)由(you)十(shi)二(er)片(pian)圓(yuan)弧(hu)形(xing)薄(bo)鋼(gang)片(pian)（即遮光片）zucheng。zhiyaobodonghuadongquanshangdeshoubing，jiukeyirenyigaibianguangquandedaxiao。qichangjiandeguzhangshizheguangpianshangdexiaogangzhutuoluo，zaochengshoubingkasi
，guangquanwufagaibian。xiulifangfashi，yongxiaoluosidaobaguanglanshangdeergegudingluodingsongkai，quchuzheguangpian

，batuoluodexiaotongzhuzhongxinzhuangzaizheguangpianshang
，bingyong502jiaoshuibaxiaotongzhujiaolao，fangzhiqizaituoluo。anzhuangshiyaozhuyi，meipianzheguangpianshangdelianggexiaotongzhufangxiangyaoxiangfan。huozhezhaoyixiaoduancuxihezheguangpianshangdekongjingpeihejinmidetongdaoxianzhizuochengxiaotongzhuzhuangshang
，ranhoubaguanglandediban（帶有十二個小孔的圓板叫底板）朝上，把每片遮光片～duandexiaotongzhuchazaidibandexiaokongnei，bingannishiwaifangxiangzhupianpailiezhengqi。zairanghuadongbanshangdehuadongcaoyicitaozaishangshuzheguangpianlingyiduandexiaotongzhushang，gaishanggaiban，basangegudingluodingningjinjike，ruguozheguangpianduanlieyipian，zhiyaobaduanliedezheguangpianquchuguanglanrengkeyizhengchangshiyong，duanlieliangpianyishangyingxiangshengchanchangjiagoumaigenghuan。

 

四、傾斜關節過鬆

 

qingxieguanjieshizhijingbiyujingzhulianjiechudehuodongguanjie，shiyongxianweijingshi，changjiangjingbixianghouqingxiechengbianyuguanchadejiaodu
，qishiyonghou

，qingxieguanjiejiukenengsongdong
，zaochengjingbibunengsuiyiqingxie。xiulibanfashi
，shijianzuiqianfenbiecharuqingxieguanjieduanmiandeergeshuangyanluomunei，shunshizhenxuanzhuan，zhizhijingbiqingxieshisongjinshidu。ruguowuxiao，zekenengshijingbiyujingzhuliangduanmiandemocadianquanmosun，xujiahoudianquan，yongjianzuixiaojiangshuangyanluomuxuanxia
，quchuzhuandongzhou
，yongqingkezhihuobosuliaopianjianyigezhijingxiangtongdekuitujiangyuandianquanjiahou，zhongxinzuzhuanghao。

 

五．反光鏡的插腳在插座內過鬆或過緊

 

反光鏡插腳結構常見有二種：一yi種zhong是shi在zai插cha腳jiao上shang開kai條tiao槽cao

，依yi靠kao槽cao的de寬kuan窄zhai來lai調tiao節jie插cha腳jiao在zai插cha座zuo中zhong的de鬆song緊jin一yi輸shu腳jiao在zai插cha座zuo中zhong過guo鬆song時shi
，可ke用yong一yi字zi螺luo絲si刀dao插cha入ru插cha腳jiao的de槽cao內nei，使shi槽cao的de開kai口kou增zeng大da，從cong而er使shi插cha腳jiao在zai插cha座zuo內nei的de鬆song緊jin合he適shi。反fan之zhi
，當dang插cha腳jiao過guo緊jin，可ke用yong鋼gang絲si鉗qian把ba插cha腳jiao上shang槽cao的de開kai口kou收shou小xiao。另ling一yi種zhong是shi依yi靠kao止zhi緊jin螺luo釘ding來lai調tiao節jie插cha腳jiao在zai插cha座zuo內nei牙ya將jiang緊jin
，當dang插cha腳jiao在zai插cha座zuo內nei過guo鬆song時shi
，可ke用yong螺luo絲si刀dao擰ning緊jin止zhi緊jin螺luo釘ding。如ru果guo插cha腳jiao在zai插cha座zuo內nei過guo緊jin
，當dang轉zhuan動dong反fan光guang鏡jing時shi
、易把插腳扭斷，可用螺絲刀把止緊螺釘擰鬆即可。

 

以yi上shang顯xian微wei鏡jing常chang見jian故gu障zhang的de修xiu理li
，並bing不bu十shi分fen困kun難nan，隻zhi要yao有you人ren稍shao加jia點dian撥bo
，一yi般ban的de實shi驗yan教jiao師shi都dou能neng一yi學xue就jiu會hui。顯xian微wei鏡jing在zai使shi用yong中zhong出chu現xian故gu障zhang，是shi中zhong小xiao學xue實shi驗yan教jiao學xue普pu遍bian存cun在zai的de現xian象xiang，隻zhi要yao我wo們men認ren真zhen地di對dui待dai．及時修理、就可以使顯微鏡經常保持在正常狀態。