仙人掌類植物用無性繁殖和有性繁殖均可。但當需要大量繁殖或想培育新的仙人掌品種時,必須采用有性繁殖,即種子繁殖。
一、人ren工gong授shou粉fen。掌zhang類lei植zhi物wu中zhong自zi花hua授shou精jing的de種zhong類lei很hen少shao。大da部bu分fen為wei異yi花hua授shou粉fen,需xu人ren工gong授shou粉fen才cai能neng結jie籽zi,其qi中zhong更geng多duo的de種zhong類lei需xu要yao同tong種zhong異yi株zhu授shou粉fen。因yin此ci至zhi少shao需xu準zhun備bei兩liang株zhu同tong樣yang種zhong類lei植zhi株zhu。授shou粉fen須xu在zai雄xiong蕊rui花hua藥yao開kai裂lie、花粉成熟、雌(ci)蕊(rui)柱(zhu)頭(tou)充(chong)分(fen)分(fen)泌(mi)粘(zhan)液(ye)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)。然(ran)而(er),不(bu)同(tong)的(de)種(zhong)類(lei)雌(ci)雄(xiong)蕊(rui)成(cheng)熟(shu)時(shi)間(jian)不(bu)一(yi)定(ding)相(xiang)同(tong)。如(ru)果(guo)母(mu)本(ben)開(kai)花(hua)遲(chi)於(yu)父(fu)本(ben),可(ke)先(xian)將(jiang)父(fu)本(ben)放(fang)於(yu)陰(yin)涼(liang)處(chu),使(shi)其(qi)晚(wan)開(kai)花(hua),也(ye)可(ke)將(jiang)父(fu)本(ben)的(de)花(hua)粉(fen)采(cai)集(ji)後(hou)置(zhi)放(fang)於(yu)冷(leng)涼(liang)幹(gan)燥(zao)處(chu)。待(dai)到(dao)母(mu)本(ben)雌(ci)蕊(rui)成(cheng)熟(shu)時(shi)再(zai)取(qu)出(chu)授(shou)粉(fen)。大(da)多(duo)數(shu)種(zhong)類(lei)在(zai)開(kai)花(hua)的(de)第(di)二(er)天(tian)午(wu)後(hou)1-2xiaoshishoufenchenggonglvzuigao。yongganjingmaobizhanquhuafenqingtuyumubenzhutoushanghuoyongxiniezijiaquhuafenfangyuzhutoushang。ruyutianqikure,shiduguoda,huashangyoushui,zeshoujinglvbugao。
二、jianchuhuaban。shoufenzhihouruguozifangzhujianpengda,zeyushizheshoufenchenggong,cishikejianggankudehuabanjianqu,yifangmeilan。zhizhuyingbimianyulinheshuichong,bingjiaqiangfeishuiguanli。
三、及時采種。仙人掌類果實一般50-60天tian成cheng熟shu,有you些xie種zhong類lei為wei漿jiang果guo,成cheng熟shu時shi易yi遭zao鳥niao類lei等deng小xiao動dong物wu啄zhuo食shi,應ying用yong網wang罩zhao保bao護hu果guo實shi。有you些xie果guo實shi果guo皮pi易yi開kai裂lie,要yao注zhu意yi及ji時shi采cai收shou。采cai收shou的de漿jiang果guo應ying剝bo掉diao果guo肉rou,將jiang種zhong子zi洗xi淨jing,再zai濾lv幹gan水shui分fen。所suo得de種zhong子zi要yao裝zhuang入ru紙zhi袋dai,放fang於yu幹gan燥zao冷leng涼liang處chu,並bing注zhu明ming種zhong子zi名ming稱cheng及ji采cai收shou日ri期qi。
四、消毒浸種。播種用土應是經過消毒的河沙或混沙腐葉土,必須用鍋炒或蒸消毒,不能用藥劑消毒。播種前,將盆土用浸盆法潤濕,再用1%福爾馬林或2.5%硫酸銅液浸種15分鍾,取出清洗後即可播種。小粒種子可混沙均勻撒播於土麵,不必覆土。大粒種子可按5毫米×5毫米的株行距點播。
五、適(shi)期(qi)播(bo)種(zhong)。種(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)仙(xian)人(ren)掌(zhang)的(de)最(zui)佳(jia)時(shi)期(qi)是(shi)晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha)較(jiao)大(da)的(de)春(chun)季(ji)和(he)秋(qiu)季(ji)。溫(wen)差(cha)大(da)不(bu)僅(jin)可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)出(chu)苗(miao)率(lv),還(hai)可(ke)使(shi)幼(you)苗(miao)加(jia)快(kuai)生(sheng)長(chang)。應(ying)避(bi)免(mian)陰(yin)雨(yu)天(tian)播(bo)種(zhong),宜(yi)選(xuan)擇(ze)晴(qing)好(hao)天(tian)氣(qi)。若(ruo)在(zai)溫(wen)室(shi)內(nei),四(si)季(ji)均(jun)可(ke)進(jin)行(xing)種(zhong)子(zi)繁(fan)殖(zhi)。
六、播後精管。播後應用玻璃板蓋於花盆上,每日必須定時露出一條縫以透氣。一般仙人掌種類在15tianzhineikefaya。fayahou,yingzaixiguanchapenneiganshiqingkuang,baochipentubiaomianyouyidingchaoshi。youmiaobixukongzhiguangzhao,kejiangdakongbaizhigaizaibolishang。suizhexiaomiaodechangdagenghuanbaizhi,shixiaokongxiangyingzengda、增多,以利光照。仙人掌的苗期管理應在溫度、濕度、水分、光照、通(tong)風(feng)上(shang)嚴(yan)格(ge)把(ba)關(guan)。春(chun)秋(qiu)生(sheng)長(chang)旺(wang)季(ji),要(yao)保(bao)持(chi)較(jiao)大(da)晝(zhou)夜(ye)溫(wen)差(cha),並(bing)適(shi)時(shi)適(shi)量(liang)地(di)給(gei)小(xiao)苗(miao)以(yi)光(guang)照(zhao)。夏(xia)季(ji)要(yao)加(jia)強(qiang)通(tong)風(feng),降(jiang)低(di)溫(wen)度(du)。冬(dong)季(ji)應(ying)放(fang)在(zai)室(shi)內(nei)暖(nuan)和(he)處(chu),並(bing)適(shi)當(dang)增(zeng)加(jia)光(guang)照(zhao),但(dan)不(bu)可(ke)過(guo)量(liang)。澆(jiao)水(shui)應(ying)以(yi)浸(jin)盆(pen)法(fa)為(wei)主(zhu),盆(pen)麵(mian)濕(shi)潤(run)即(ji)可(ke)。
七、防治病蟲。仙人掌苗期易遭病蟲危害,應及時清除雜草,定期噴藥(每20天噴1次),定期疏鬆土壤。一旦發現紅蜘蛛、蚜蟲、介殼蟲等蟲害,要及時捕捉或用80%敵敵畏1500倍液噴殺或50%西維因500-700倍液噴殺,每隔7-10天噴1次。仙人掌的病害主要有金黃斑點病、凹斑病及赤腐病等,可定期用75%百菌清(或含量50%多菌靈)800倍液或70%甲基托布津600倍液噴霧預防。小苗每半年移植1次,有利於發根和生長。
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