nainiuruxianyanshijinnianlaiyizhikunraoweixiezhenainiuyedetouhaojibing，keyinqichanfabingnainiunailiangxiajiangherupinzhijiangdi
，yanzhongzhehainengdaozhinainiushengchanxingnengdesangshi
，shichengniannainiuguozaotaotai，zaochengjudadejingjisunshi。daozhinainiuruxianyandeyinsuhenduo
，qizhong80%yishangshiyoubingyuanweishengwuganranyinqide。linchuangshangzhuyaoyingyongkangshengsuzhiliao，daliangkangshengsudeshiyongjizengjialezhiliaochengben，shixijunchuxianlenaiyaoxing
，erqiezaochengruzhipinzhongkangshengsudaliangcanliu，yanzhongweixierenleijiankanghehuanjinganquan。nainiuruxianyandezhibingjunzhuyaobaokuojiechuchuanranbingyuanweishengwu
，baokuodaijunlvjiaogaodejinhuangseputaoqiujun
、無乳鏈球菌，在某些地區臨床檢出率達70%yishang。lingyileishiyidachangganjunhetingrulianqiujunweizhudehuanjingxingbingyuanweishengwu。linchuangshangzhuyaobiaoxianweijixingruxianyanheyinxingruxianyan
，qizhongyinxingruxianyankeyinqinainiumanxingganrancongerzaochengnaichanliangchangqixiajiang，geinainiuyangzhiyezaochenglejudadejingjisunshi。yinci，ruheyouxiaofangzhigaibingjuyouzhongyaoyiyi。

1、主要致病菌

1.1金黃色葡萄球菌

    屬(shu)於(yu)葡(pu)萄(tao)球(qiu)菌(jun)屬(shu)的(de)金(jin)黃(huang)色(se)葡(pu)萄(tao)球(qiu)菌(jun)是(shi)奶(nai)牛(niu)乳(ru)腺(xian)炎(yan)最(zui)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)致(zhi)病(bing)菌(jun)，為(wei)革(ge)蘭(lan)氏(shi)陽(yang)性(xing)菌(jun)
，它(ta)能(neng)引(yin)起(qi)人(ren)和(he)動(dong)物(wu)的(de)多(duo)種(zhong)疾(ji)病(bing)

，是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)人(ren)獸(shou)共(gong)患(huan)病(bing)原(yuan)菌(jun)。金(jin)黃(huang)色(se)葡(pu)萄(tao)球(qiu)菌(jun)直(zhi)徑(jing)0.5~1.5µm，菌落呈葡萄串狀排歹

，廣泛分布於自然界
，是一種條件性致病菌。在Baird-Parkerpingbanshangpeiyangshikeshengchengzhouweiyouhunzhuodai，waicengyoutoumingquandeheisejunluo。jinhuangseputaoqiujunweijianxingdexibaoneibingyuanti，kezaitunshixibaoneishengcun，qinruruxianzuzhixingchengnongzhong
，zuizhongdaozhixianweihua。

1.2無乳鏈球菌

    無乳鏈球菌在臨床上屬於B族(zu)鏈(lian)球(qiu)菌(jun)，是(shi)高(gao)度(du)接(jie)觸(chu)性(xing)傳(chuan)染(ran)的(de)專(zhuan)性(xing)乳(ru)腺(xian)寄(ji)生(sheng)菌(jun)
，是(shi)引(yin)起(qi)奶(nai)牛(niu)乳(ru)腺(xian)炎(yan)的(de)優(you)勢(shi)致(zhi)病(bing)菌(jun)之(zhi)一(yi)，定(ding)植(zhi)於(yu)上(shang)皮(pi)表(biao)麵(mian)
，一(yi)般(ban)呈(cheng)隱(yin)性(xing)感(gan)染(ran)

，很(hen)少(shao)表(biao)現(xian)全(quan)身(shen)症(zheng)狀(zhuang)，感(gan)染(ran)初(chu)期(qi)出(chu)現(xian)間(jian)歇(xie)性(xing)發(fa)熱(re)。無(wu)乳(ru)鏈(lian)球(qiu)菌(jun)血(xue)清(qing)型(xing)眾(zhong)多(duo)、根據莢膜多糖的不同可以分為9zhongxueqingxing，meizhongxueqingxingzhijianjihumeiyoujiaochamianyibaohuli

，geifangzhidailailenandu。ruogaijunyuqitajungongtongganranruxian，jiangyoumingxiandejixingruxianyanzhengzhuang，yinqinaichanliangdejijuxiajiang，bingyinqinaizhiliangdexiajiang。youyugaijunjianchulvjiaogao，yingyinqinainiuchangdegaoduzhongshi。

1.3停乳鏈球菌

    停乳鏈球菌屬於C群qun鏈lian球qiu菌jun，為wei溶rong血xue性xing革ge蘭lan氏shi陽yang性xing菌jun，是shi引yin起qi奶nai牛niu乳ru房fang炎yan的de常chang見jian病bing原yuan菌jun
，經jing常chang引yin起qi臨lin床chuang型xing和he亞ya臨lin床chuang型xing乳ru房fang炎yan，給gei乳ru業ye生sheng產chan帶dai來lai巨ju大da的de經jing濟ji損sun失shi。該gai菌jun為wei環huan境jing性xing病bing原yuan菌jun
，可ke以yi從cong奶nai牛niu的de嘴zui、陰道黏膜
、皮膚及圈舍中分離到，但主要是從感染的乳腺和乳房中分離。

1.4大腸杆菌

    大(da)腸(chang)杆(gan)菌(jun)也(ye)是(shi)導(dao)致(zhi)奶(nai)牛(niu)乳(ru)腺(xian)炎(yan)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)環(huan)境(jing)性(xing)致(zhi)病(bing)菌(jun)

，在(zai)高(gao)產(chan)奶(nai)牛(niu)中(zhong)是(shi)常(chang)見(jian)
，給(gei)農(nong)牧(mu)民(min)帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)損(sun)失(shi)，是(shi)奶(nai)牛(niu)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)最(zui)難(nan)防(fang)治(zhi)的(de)疾(ji)病(bing)之(zhi)一(yi)。大(da)腸(chang)杆(gan)菌(jun)血(xue)清(qing)型(xing)眾(zhong)多(duo)，引(yin)起(qi)乳(ru)腺(xian)炎(yan)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)尿(niao)道(dao)致(zhi)病(bing)性(xing)大(da)腸(chang)杆(gan)菌(jun)，在(zai)不(bu)同(tong)地(di)區(qu)和(he)不(bu)同(tong)養(yang)殖(zhi)場(chang)中(zhong)感(gan)染(ran)率(lv)各(ge)不(bu)相(xiang)同(tong)
，給(gei)規(gui)模(mo)化(hua)奶(nai)牛(niu)養(yang)殖(zhi)場(chang)防(fang)治(zhi)帶(dai)來(lai)了(le)難(nan)度(du)，應(ying)引(yin)起(qi)足(zu)夠(gou)重(zhong)視(shi)。

2、乳腺炎的症狀

    臨床型乳腺炎主要表現產乳量下降，乳中有凝塊或顏色變化；乳房腫脹，有明顯的炎症反應，熱、硬


、疼 痛。隱性乳腺炎無肉眼可見的臨床症狀，需用特殊檢驗方法檢出乳汁成分的變化。其中金黃色葡萄球菌、大腸杆菌為急性感染。金黃色葡萄球菌引起的奶牛急性全身性乳腺炎是臨床上最頑固、危害最嚴重的疾病，表現為40~42°C高gao熱re稽ji留liu
，精jing神shen沉chen鬱yu
，乳ru房fang腫zhong脹zhang發fa炎yan
，形xing成cheng堅jian實shi腫zhong塊kuai
，按an壓ya疼teng痛tong。大da腸chang杆gan菌jun感gan染ran引yin起qi的de奶nai牛niu乳ru腺xian炎yan
，出chu現xian全quan身shen症zheng狀zhuang，敗bai血xue症zheng症zheng狀zhuang。發fa病bing突tu然ran，體ti溫wen達da41~42C,chuxianjiliure，ruquxingchengjianyingrushidezhongkuai
，youhuihuangseyetijichu。wurulianqiujunyinqidenainiuruxianyanyibanyinxingganran，henshaobiaoxianquanshenzhengzhuang，ganranchuqichuxianjianxiexingfare。tingrulianqiujunyinqideruxianyanganranyechuxianyalinchuangbingzheng，changjianhuanchufashao，rufangchuxianniefenyang，bingyouyichangdekuaizhuang
、片狀凝塊樣分泌物。

3、診斷

    linchuangxingjixingruxianyanzhengzhuangmingxian，kegenjumiruliangxiajiangherufangdeyanzhengdebianhuabiankezhenduan。danweishengwuxuejianyanshinainiurufangyanzhenduandezuizhunquedefangfa，danquezhenrengxuchuantongdexijunfenlipeiyang

，peiyangtexing
，shenghuashiyan
，yaowuminganshiyan，jiqidongwuzhibingxingshiyan。yinxingruxianyanwulinchuangzhengzhuang，dankegenjuruzhidetixibaoshu
、CMT法
、pH值
、導電率
、NaGase 法

、氯化鈣凝乳試驗以及炎症因子等指標的檢測
，方法簡單可靠

，同時結合實驗室檢驗
，多方麵綜合作出診斷。分子生物學PCR檢測技術簡捷方便、特異性高
、敏感性強，目前被國內外許多研究人員利用包括耐藥性相關基因、毒素基因
、酶基因及多種特異性鑒別基因，建立PCR方法及各種改良PCR方法，檢測並分析乳腺炎致病菌的耐藥性和毒素基因攜帶情況。

4、防治

    近年來隨著奶牛養殖業迅速發展，奶牛乳腺炎病因複雜，但金葡菌
、鏈球菌和大腸杆菌引發的乳腺炎占90%yishang
，zhibingjundeduoyangxinggeilinchuangfangkongzengjialekunnan
，yanzhongyingxianglenaiyeshengchan。weileyouxiaokongzhinainiuruxianyan，yingduinainiudingqitijian，duiruzhidingqijinxingshenglishenghuajiweishengwuxuejianzha。yidanfashenggaibing，shouxianjiaqianghuanjingweisheng，baozhengquansheqingjieganzao，tongfengxiangyang，fangzhixijundezishengshiyufanggaibingdeguanjian。jiaqiangsiyangguanli，tigaosiyangshuiping，jinweifameisiliao，duoweixinxiansicaotigaonainiumianyili。gaishanjinaichengxu
，guifanjinaicaozuoguocheng，zuohaogerenjinainiurufangdexiaodugongzuo

，jianshaojibingzainiuqunzhongdehuxiangchuanbo
；yidanfaxianjibinghou，jishigelibingniu
，zaimirudezaoqihezhongqijinxingzhiliao
，tongguorutouyaojinjiangdiganranlv，bimianzaidaqunmanyan
，erhouzaiganruqitongguokangshengsujinxingzhiliao。suizhekangshengsudelanyong
，naiyaojunzhubuduanchuxian，duishipinanquanzaochengdeweihairiyiyanzhong，duijinhuangseputaoqiujundengchangfayibingyaojishijinxingyimiaomianyijiezhong。