集約化兔場就是采用工廠化管理的大規模兔產品生產企業,具有管理標準化、飼養密度大、兔群周轉快、運行效率高等特點。集約化生產的優點很多:生(sheng)產(chan)車(che)間(jian)相(xiang)對(dui)封(feng)閉(bi),四(si)季(ji)頻(pin)密(mi)繁(fan)殖(zhi),設(she)備(bei)高(gao)效(xiao)循(xun)環(huan)利(li)用(yong),產(chan)品(pin)批(pi)量(liang)均(jun)衡(heng)上(shang)市(shi)。缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)頻(pin)密(mi)高(gao)速(su)運(yun)轉(zhuan)給(gei)防(fang)疫(yi)帶(dai)來(lai)壓(ya)力(li),極(ji)易(yi)造(zao)成(cheng)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)發(fa)病(bing)率(lv)。
集約化兔場的疫病控製不同於傳統養兔業,凡是可能造成經營利潤下降的病害,包括急慢性傳染病、應激病、營(ying)養(yang)病(bing)及(ji)各(ge)類(lei)傷(shang)害(hai)等(deng)都(dou)是(shi)疫(yi)病(bing)控(kong)製(zhi)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)。防(fang)治(zhi)的(de)對(dui)象(xiang)不(bu)是(shi)單(dan)隻(zhi)兔(tu)而(er)是(shi)整(zheng)個(ge)群(qun)體(ti)。因(yin)此(ci),以(yi)防(fang)為(wei)主(zhu),防(fang)重(zhong)於(yu)治(zhi)是(shi)衛(wei)生(sheng)防(fang)疫(yi)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)點(dian)。可(ke)通(tong)過(guo)采(cai)取(qu)淨(jing)化(hua)種(zhong)源(yuan),優(you)化(hua)環(huan)境(jing),完(wan)善(shan)設(she)備(bei),加(jia)強(qiang)管(guan)理(li),增(zeng)加(jia)營(ying)養(yang)和(he)強(qiang)化(hua)免(mian)疫(yi)等(deng)技(ji)術(shu)措(cuo)施(shi)切(qie)斷(duan)水(shui)平(ping)和(he)垂(chui)直(zhi)傳(chuan)播(bo)。疫(yi)病(bing)控(kong)製(zhi)不(bu)是(shi)單(dan)一(yi)的(de),而(er)是(shi)各(ge)種(zhong)措(cuo)施(shi)相(xiang)互(hu)聯(lian)係(xi),相(xiang)互(hu)製(zhi)約(yue),相(xiang)互(hu)滲(shen)透(tou)形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)密(mi)不(bu)可(ke)分(fen)的(de)一(yi)個(ge)係(xi)統(tong)。
科學合理布局
兔場選址要坐北朝南,遠離公路、城鎮、村莊,地勢高燥,采光和通風良好,四周可建圍牆或開挖河溝與外界隔絕。兔場布局原則上分為四小區,即生產區、附屬輔助生產區(飼料加工及倉庫)、行政管理區和生活區。生產區與生活區、行政管理區嚴格分開。生產區的種兔舍、繁育兔舍應建立在生產區的上風口,杜絕外人參觀。
育肥兔舍及商品生產兔舍應設在生產區下風口。其餘三小區最好建在生產區的左側,行政管理區、生活區、附屬輔助生產區應按風向依次前後(南北)排列。附屬輔助生產區生產的飼料通過與生產區相通的窗口運往兔舍。道路布局要合理,進料與出糞、售兔通道要分開,避免交叉。病死兔無公害處理應設在兔場最下風,防止疾病傳播。各棟兔舍間要保持防疫距離,通常大於6米(mi),要(yao)盡(jin)可(ke)能(neng)減(jian)少(shao)水(shui)泥(ni)地(di)麵(mian),以(yi)避(bi)免(mian)熱(re)輻(fu)射(she)。兩(liang)舍(she)之(zhi)間(jian)空(kong)地(di)可(ke)栽(zai)少(shao)量(liang)大(da)樹(shu),以(yi)遮(zhe)擋(dang)夏(xia)季(ji)陽(yang)光(guang)直(zhi)射(she),其(qi)餘(yu)空(kong)地(di)可(ke)以(yi)種(zhong)植(zhi)牧(mu)草(cao)解(jie)決(jue)飼(si)草(cao)來(lai)源(yuan)。兔(tu)舍(she)內(nei)外(wai)自(zi)然(ran)通(tong)風(feng)好(hao)壞(huai)直(zhi)接(jie)關(guan)係(xi)到(dao)生(sheng)產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)高(gao)低(di),舍(she)內(nei)環(huan)境(jing)氣(qi)候(hou)能(neng)否(fou)有(you)效(xiao)調(tiao)節(jie)直(zhi)接(jie)關(guan)係(xi)兔(tu)群(qun)健(jian)康(kang)狀(zhuang)況(kuang)及(ji)疾(ji)病(bing)控(kong)製(zhi)。
tulongshejiyubujuyaokexueheli,yaozhuzhongshengchanxiaolv,fuhetudeshengwuxuetexing,danbunengliuyoufangyisijiao。fanyutusheyaoweisheng,baonuantongfengsheshiyaowanbei,qingniantu、肥育兔采用多層籠飼養,每籠以1隻~4隻兔為宜。
嚴格疫病控製
在生產區四周建防疫牆,杜絕非生產區人員出入。防疫牆內,外沿建立灌木綠化隔離帶,大門設3米~4米寬車輛進出用消毒池,使用2%燒shao堿jian,每mei周zhou定ding期qi更geng換huan兩liang次ci。在zai人ren員yuan專zhuan用yong通tong道dao設she立li消xiao毒du室shi,所suo有you進jin出chu人ren員yuan必bi須xu在zai此ci更geng衣yi,換huan鞋xie,紫zi外wai線xian照zhao射she,洗xi手shou進jin入ru生sheng產chan區qu,並bing且qie在zai每mei棟dong兔tu舍she入ru口kou處chu設she置zhi消xiao毒du盆pen池chi。飼si料liao最zui好hao自zi配pei自zi產chan,用yong機ji械xie直zhi接jie送song入ru生sheng產chan區qu料liao塔ta,或huo用yong內nei部bu專zhuan用yong麻ma袋dai、編bian織zhi袋dai經jing傳chuan輸shu窗chuang進jin入ru兔tu舍she,以yi防fang傳chuan染ran病bing源yuan。生sheng產chan人ren員yuan全quan部bu定ding崗gang定ding員yuan,不bu得de隨sui意yi串chuan崗gang。各ge兔tu舍she工gong具ju不bu得de交jiao換huan使shi用yong,人ren員yuan進jin出chu場chang區qu必bi須xu嚴yan格ge控kong製zhi,禁jin止zhi隨sui意yi進jin出chu場chang區qu,生sheng產chan資zi料liao等deng由you專zhuan人ren負fu責ze送song至zhi消xiao毒du室shi。生sheng產chan區qu人ren員yuan休xiu假jia結jie束shu返fan回hui後hou必bi須xu在zai生sheng活huo區qu集ji體ti宿xiu舍she隔ge離li一yi天tian方fang可ke進jin入ru生sheng產chan區qu。
堅持自繁自養
對於規模較大的兔場要自行組建核心群、擴繁群。商品肉兔場使用雜交組合,充分利用雜交抗病優勢。在正常情況下,種公兔的年淘汰率約為100%,種母兔則必須超過100%,過低則會造成繁殖率下降。1000隻母兔群生產線每月可定期補充後備公兔6隻~8隻,後備母兔60隻~80隻。後備種兔必須經過0日齡~28日齡、29日齡~84日齡和85日齡~140日齡三階段的嚴格選擇,應挑選那些身體健壯、生長速度快、飼料報酬高、來自高繁母係、pinzhongtezhengmingxiandeyouxiugeti。hexinqunjinxingyuzhonggailiangxuyaoyinjinwaixueshi,zaiyinzhongqianbixuduisuoyinzhongtusuozaidiqujinxingyouguanyibingdetiaozha,duiyinjintuyaojinxingshouyiweishengjianyi,bingzaichangwaigeliguanchaliangzhouyishang。zaigeliqijianhaiyaojinxingyouguanyibingmianyijiezhong,zaijingguoduocixiaoduhoufangkejinchangsiyang。
優化生產環境
集約化兔場飼養密度大,糞尿產出量大,有害氣體、微生物、塵chen埃ai多duo,保bao持chi兔tu舍she內nei外wai良liang好hao的de環huan境jing衛wei生sheng非fei常chang重zhong要yao。因yin此ci,應ying盡jin量liang采cai用yong地di下xia管guan道dao排pai汙wu,防fang止zhi汙wu染ran,舍she外wai空kong地di雜za草cao要yao定ding期qi清qing除chu。舍she內nei每mei天tian要yao打da掃sao衛wei生sheng一yi次ci,保bao持chi清qing潔jie幹gan燥zao,不bu得de有you蜘zhi蛛zhu網wang、shengyumeiliao。fengouneibudeyoujifen,tulongdiyaojingchangqingsao,budecanliuwumao。shineiweishengkeyifenjiechengruoganxiaoxiangmu,yugangweijiangjinguagou,jishijianzha,jingchangjiandu。zaidongji,yaozuohaofanghanbaowengongzuo,danbunengweilebaowenerjinbimenchuang,bixubaozhengyoushiliangdetongfenghuanqi,biyaoshishiyonghuanqishan。ruguoshiyongmeilubaowen,xiangduishiduyaokongzhizai50%~80%,bingjinliangjianshaokongqizhongdechenai。changqichuyudizhiliangdekongqihuanjingzhong,tutizhiyibiancha,dikanglixiajiang,huxixitongjibingmingxianshangsheng,siwanglvshenggao,erqiezhezhongyingxiangbuyijiaocha,shengchanzhongchangchangbeihushi。xiajigaowenshi,yaoquanlizuohaofangshujiangwengongzuo,jinliangliyongzirantongfeng,genjubutongtuzhong,jiehejixietongfeng,penwujiangwendengcuoshi。tebieyaofangzhizhonggongtujifanzhimutudereyingji。
此(ci)外(wai),控(kong)製(zhi)鼠(shu)害(hai)也(ye)非(fei)常(chang)重(zhong)要(yao)。老(lao)鼠(shu)不(bu)但(dan)耗(hao)損(sun)飼(si)料(liao),而(er)且(qie)傳(chuan)播(bo)疾(ji)病(bing)。規(gui)模(mo)化(hua)兔(tu)場(chang)要(yao)定(ding)期(qi)滅(mie)鼠(shu),每(mei)年(nian)兩(liang)次(ci)。與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi),生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)還(hai)應(ying)實(shi)行(xing)空(kong)棄(qi)藥(yao)瓶(ping)、廢棄掃把等生產廢物回收登記製度,及時將藥棉、廢紙、汙毛等生產垃圾集中無害化處理,這對淨化兔場生產環境大有好處。
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