山羊屬多胎動物，繁殖潛力大，我國的一些地方優良品種如馬頭山羊、伏牛山大白羊
、麻城黑山羊
、成cheng都dou麻ma羊yang等deng繁fan殖zhi性xing能neng很hen強qiang
，一yi胎tai產chan羔gao數shu量liang多duo。農nong民min養yang殖zhi肉rou用yong山shan羊yang就jiu是shi要yao利li用yong山shan羊yang繁fan殖zhi性xing能neng強qiang的de特te點dian，使shi羊yang群qun多duo生sheng快kuai長chang，獲huo得de較jiao高gao的de收shou益yi。而er筆bi者zhe在zai農nong村cun養yang羊yang戶hu中zhong調tiao查zha發fa現xian，一yi部bu分fen養yang羊yang戶hu（特別是對母羊繁殖性能有關知識了解較少的養羊戶）對繁殖母羊的喂養帶有很大的盲目性，末能采取任何保護性措施，母羊繁殖順其自然，結果往往事與願違，母羊除易生產弱胎、死胎，繁殖性能受到影響外，流產
、化胎（胎兒中途死亡

，隨後被吸收）dengxianxiangyelvjianbuxian
，jidadiyingxianglenongminyangyangdejijixing。zhenduizheyituchuwenti，bizherenwei，yaoxiangbaozhengmuyangyitaiduogao，bixuzhongdianbawosandaguanjianhuanjie，ruguoyangzhihunenggenjumuyangdefaqingpailuanguilv，yijitaierzaimutineidefayuguilv，jiaqiangmuyangdesiyangguanli，cujinmuyangzaifaqingqipaichugengduochengshudeluanxibao，shihegeimuyangpeizhonghuoshujing
，zhengqugengduodeluanxibao，shishigeimuyangpeizhonghuoshujing，zhengqugengduoluanxibaoshoujing，bingbaozhengshoujingluanfayuchengtaier，jiukeyidadatigaomuyangdeyitaichangaoshu
，congertigaojingjixiaoyi，cujinyangyangyedefazhan。zhesandaguanjianhuanjiewei：

    一、jiaqiangkonghuaimuyangdesiyangguanli，baozhengkonghuaimuyangbufeibushoudezhongyongtikuangkonghuaimuyangsiyangguanlidehaohuai，zhijieyingxiangmuyangzaifaqingqishifounengzhengchangfaqingpailuan，konghuaimuyangzaifaqingpeizhongqi，yingjuyoubufeibushoudezhongyongtikuang，ruguofeihuoguoshou，doujiangyingxiangmuyangzhengchangdefaqingpailuan。zainongcun，yibannonghuweiyangmuyang，bijiaozhuzhongmuyangrenshenqihemiruqidesiyangguanli，erhushilekonghuaimuyangdesiyangguanli，qishi，zheshiyizhongbukexuedesiweifangfa。konghuaimuyangsuiranyaoqiudesiyangguanlitiaojianbugao，danyingyangbixuquanmian，zheduicujinkonghuaimuyangzhengchangfaqingpailuanshijiqizhongyaode。konghuaimuyangdeweiyanghuyinggenjuzishentiaojian，jinliangdapeiduoyangsicaosiwei，kejiangdoukemucaoyuqiaobenkemucaodapeisiwei
，yekejiangdoukemucaoyujukemudapeisiwei，yiliyusicaoneigezhongyingyangwuzhihubuchong，manzumuyangduiyingyangdexuyao。youzhideqinglvduozhisicao（特別是豆科牧草）可ke以yi多duo喂wei，除chu讓rang母mu羊yang在zai放fang牧mu和he補bu飼si時shi吃chi飽bao外wai
，對dui於yu空kong懷huai母mu羊yang，應ying根gen據ju母mu羊yang的de膘biao情qing適shi當dang增zeng減jian精jing料liao喂wei量liang。精jing料liao喂wei量liang的de增zeng減jian應ying根gen據ju不bu同tong的de情qing況kuang而er區qu別bie對dui待dai，對dui於yu產chan羔gao數shu少shao、泌乳負擔輕、guofeidemuyang，yingjianshaoriliangzhongdejingliaoweiliang。duiyushaoshuguofeidemuyang，bujinyaotingzhibuweijingliao，erqiehaiyaoshidangzengjiafangmuheyundongliang，yilimuyangjianfei，cujinqizhengchangfaqingpailuan。duiyujingguoyigemiruqidegaochanmuyang
，youyuqichangaoshuduo，mirufudanzhong，zishennengliangxiaohaoguoda，erdaozhiguoshou，yingzaimuyangderiliangzhongzengjiajingliaoweiliang，duiyuyibufentebieshoudegaochanmuyang（排除疾病和寄生蟲病的因素）精jing料liao喂wei量liang的de增zeng加jia要yao循xun序xu漸jian進jin，讓rang母mu羊yang有you一yi個ge逐zhu步bu適shi應ying的de過guo程cheng，以yi利li母mu羊yang恢hui複fu體ti質zhi，促cu進jin正zheng常chang發fa情qing排pai卵luan，一yi般ban發fa情qing配pei種zhong期qi的de空kong懷huai母mu羊yang應ying保bao持chi七qi八ba成cheng膘biao情qing為wei宜yi。

    二
、掌zhang握wo好hao母mu羊yang的de配pei種zhong時shi機ji
，適shi時shi給gei發fa情qing母mu羊yang配pei種zhong或huo輸shu精jing母mu羊yang在zai正zheng常chang膘biao情qing下xia
，發fa情qing和he排pai卵luan是shi有you一yi定ding規gui律lv的de。一yi般ban母mu羊yang性xing成cheng熟shu後hou
，卵luan巢chao表biao麵mian開kai始shi形xing成cheng濾lv泡pao，濾lv泡pao逐zhu漸jian長chang大da，產chan生sheng的de濾lv泡pao激ji素su也ye逐zhu漸jian增zeng多duo，在zai血xue液ye中zhong達da到dao一yi定ding濃nong度du時shi，母mu羊yang就jiu表biao現xian出chu發fa情qing征zheng象xiang。當dang濾lv泡pao發fa育yu到dao一yi定ding程cheng度du母mu羊yang就jiu會hui排pai卵luan，即ji每mei一yi個ge成cheng熟shu濾lv泡pao排pai出chu一yi個ge卵luan子zi
，一yi般ban一yi頭tou成cheng年nian母mu羊yang每mei個ge發fa情qing期qi排pai出chu的de成cheng熟shu卵luan子zi數shu目mu多duo則ze4個―8個
，少則一兩個。母羊開始排卵一般在發情開始後20小時―26小時。母羊在一個發情期內由於各個濾泡成熟的早晚不同，排卵時間也不同，一般母羊排卵需持續6小時―10小時，卵子方可陸續排出，進入輸卵管的前三分之一段準備受精。卵子排出後，在母體的輸卵管內大約可成活8小時―12小(xiao)時(shi)，如(ru)果(guo)卵(luan)子(zi)在(zai)這(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)遇(yu)到(dao)了(le)活(huo)力(li)強(qiang)的(de)公(gong)羊(yang)精(jing)子(zi)，即(ji)可(ke)完(wan)成(cheng)受(shou)精(jing)
，如(ru)果(guo)超(chao)過(guo)這(zhe)段(duan)時(shi)間(jian)
，卵(luan)子(zi)就(jiu)會(hui)衰(shuai)老(lao)，失(shi)去(qu)受(shou)精(jing)能(neng)力(li)。要(yao)使(shi)母(mu)羊(yang)排(pai)出(chu)的(de)成(cheng)熟(shu)卵(luan)子(zi)在(zai)輸(shu)卵(luan)管(guan)前(qian)三(san)分(fen)之(zhi)一(yi)段(duan)適(shi)時(shi)遇(yu)到(dao)精(jing)子(zi)而(er)受(shou)精(jing)，同(tong)時(shi)還(hai)必(bi)須(xu)保(bao)證(zheng)公(gong)羊(yang)的(de)精(jing)子(zi)適(shi)時(shi)到(dao)達(da)受(shou)精(jing)地(di)點(dian)。一(yi)般(ban)母(mu)羊(yang)配(pei)種(zhong)或(huo)輸(shu)精(jing)後(hou)
，精(jing)子(zi)經(jing)2小時―3小時才能到達輸卵管前三分之一段，精子在母體的生殖道內一般可保持10小時―18小時的受精能力。據此推算，要使公羊的精子到達母體輸卵管時正逢母體卵巢開始排卵，給母羊配種的適宜時間是在排卵前2小時―3小時，即在母羊發情後18小時―26小xiao時shi。在zai實shi際ji操cao作zuo中zhong，若ruo過guo早zao給gei母mu羊yang配pei種zhong或huo輸shu精jing，當dang卵luan巢chao排pai卵luan時shi
，精jing子zi的de活huo力li已yi經jing降jiang低di，如ru給gei母mu羊yang配pei種zhong或huo輸shu精jing過guo遲chi
，當dang精jing到dao達da輸shu卵luan管guan時shi
，卵luan子zi已yi失shi去qu活huo力li
，這zhe些xie均jun會hui導dao致zhi母mu羊yang情qing期qi受shou胎tai率lv下xia降jiang或huo母mu羊yang一yi胎tai產chan羔gao數shu減jian少shao。母mu羊yang的de發fa情qing排pai卵luan雖sui有you一yi定ding規gui律lv

，但dan母mu羊yang的de發fa情qing持chi續xu期qi和he排pai卵luan期qi時shi間jian與yu母mu羊yang的de年nian齡ling有you關guan。養yang羊yang戶hu喂wei養yang的de母mu羊yang往wang往wang並bing非fei處chu於yu同tong一yi年nian齡ling，因yin此ci，養yang羊yang戶hu在zai給gei母mu羊yang配pei種zhong或huo輸shu精jing時shi要yao特te別bie注zhu意yi考kao慮lv母mu羊yang的de年nian齡ling因yin素su。一yi般ban在zai實shi際ji生sheng產chan中zhong
，老lao年nian母mu羊yang發fa情qing持chi續xu時shi間jian較jiao短duan

，排pai卵luan時shi間jian也ye較jiao早zao，配pei種zhong時shi間jian應ying適shi當dang提ti前qian，最zui好hao是shi當dang天tian早zao晨chen發fa情qing，第di二er天tian早zao上shang就jiu配pei一yi次ci
，下xia午wu再zai複fu配pei一yi次ci
；青年母羊發情持續時間長，排卵時間也較遲
，因此配種多在發情後第3天―第4天
；中年母羊發情處於二者之間，一般配種最好選在發情後第2天―第3天。由於母羊在發情期排卵在持續6小時―10小

，為使母羊生殖道內有充足的活力強的精子，在養羊生產中，母羊發情後一般間隔6小時―8小時重複配種或輸精
，這樣可提高母羊的受胎率和產羔數。

    此(ci)外(wai)，養(yang)羊(yang)戶(hu)還(hai)可(ke)結(jie)合(he)觀(guan)察(cha)母(mu)羊(yang)的(de)發(fa)情(qing)征(zheng)象(xiang)來(lai)給(gei)母(mu)羊(yang)適(shi)時(shi)輸(shu)精(jing)或(huo)配(pei)種(zhong)。一(yi)般(ban)母(mu)羊(yang)發(fa)情(qing)後(hou)陰(yin)戶(hu)紅(hong)腫(zhong)開(kai)始(shi)消(xiao)退(tui)，陰(yin)道(dao)粘(zhan)膜(mo)由(you)潮(chao)紅(hong)變(bian)為(wei)紫(zi)紅(hong)
，陰(yin)道(dao)內(nei)流(liu)出(chu)的(de)粘(zhan)液(ye)由(you)稀(xi)變(bian)稠(chou)，一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)發(fa)情(qing)征(zheng)象(xiang)顯(xian)著(zhu)的(de)母(mu)羊(yang)，用(yong)手(shou)按(an)壓(ya)其(qi)腰(yao)部(bu)、臀部，母羊表現呆立不動，這時母羊正處於排卵期和即將排卵期，此時給母羊輸精或配種最合適。

    三、加(jia)強(qiang)妊(ren)娠(shen)母(mu)羊(yang)的(de)飼(si)養(yang)管(guan)理(li)，保(bao)證(zheng)胚(pei)胎(tai)在(zai)母(mu)體(ti)內(nei)正(zheng)常(chang)生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)母(mu)羊(yang)配(pei)種(zhong)受(shou)孕(yun)後(hou)，其(qi)妊(ren)娠(shen)期(qi)的(de)飼(si)養(yang)管(guan)理(li)是(shi)保(bao)證(zheng)胎(tai)兒(er)在(zai)母(mu)體(ti)內(nei)正(zheng)常(chang)生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)至(zhi)關(guan)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)因(yin)素(su)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)在(zai)妊(ren)娠(shen)早(zao)期(qi)，母(mu)羊(yang)的(de)飼(si)養(yang)管(guan)理(li)更(geng)是(shi)對(dui)母(mu)羊(yang)一(yi)胎(tai)多(duo)羔(gao)起(qi)決(jue)定(ding)性(xing)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)。母(mu)羊(yang)配(pei)種(zhong)後(hou)的(de)半(ban)個(ge)月(yue)內(nei)，由(you)於(yu)受(shou)精(jing)卵(luan)逐(zhu)漸(jian)沿(yan)輸(shu)卵(luan)管(guan)往(wang)下(xia)移(yi)動(dong)，胚(pei)胎(tai)還(hai)末(mo)在(zai)子(zi)宮(gong)內(nei)著(zhe)床(chuang)，缺(que)少(shao)胎(tai)盤(pan)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)，易(yi)受(shou)不(bu)良(liang)因(yin)素(su)影(ying)響(xiang)而(er)導(dao)致(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)胚(pei)胎(tai)生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)中(zhong)斷(duan)或(huo)死(si)亡(wang)

，因(yin)此(ci)，加(jia)強(qiang)母(mu)羊(yang)懷(huai)孕(yun)早(zao)期(qi)的(de)飼(si)養(yang)管(guan)理(li)
，是(shi)防(fang)止(zhi)胚(pei)胎(tai)早(zao)期(qi)死(si)亡(wang)、使shi母mu羊yang一yi胎tai多duo羔gao的de關guan鍵jian。母mu羊yang在zai妊ren娠shen早zao期qi

，胎tai兒er尚shang小xiao，且qie生sheng長chang發fa育yu慢man，母mu羊yang對dui所suo需xu的de營ying養yang物wu質zhi要yao求qiu不bu高gao，一yi般ban通tong過guo放fang牧mu采cai食shi
，並bing給gei母mu羊yang補bu喂wei良liang好hao的de青qing粗cu飼si草cao，適shi當dang搭da配pei一yi定ding量liang的de精jing料liao，即ji可ke滿man足zu其qi對dui營ying養yang的de需xu要yao。對dui一yi部bu分fen高gao產chan且qie體ti質zhi瘦shou弱ruo的de母mu羊yang，在zai妊ren娠shen早zao期qi，可ke適shi當dang加jia大da精jing料liao的de補bu喂wei量liang，但dan不bu可ke過guo多duo
，如ru導dao致zhi母mu羊yang過guo肥fei和he給gei妊ren娠shen早zao期qi的de母mu羊yang喂wei以yi高gao能neng量liang的de多duo量liang精jing料liao

，均jun不bu利li於yu胚pei胎tai在zai母mu體ti內nei正zheng常chang著zhe床chuang和he發fa育yu，甚shen至zhi會hui導dao致zhi胚pei胎tai的de早zao期qi死si亡wang
，反fan而er使shi母mu羊yang羔gao數shu下xia降jiang。妊ren娠shen母mu羊yang所suo需xu營ying養yang物wu質zhi以yi蛋dan白bai質zhi、維生素
、礦物質最為重要，母羊在妊娠早期尤其要注重飼草蛋白質的平衡，以及VA、VD、Ve和鈣的供給
，VE製劑飼喂母羊
，以促進胚胎在母體內正常的生長發育。除此之外
，喂給妊娠母羊的飼草應新鮮，力求多樣化，不可喂給發黴變質
、過冷或過熱、帶(dai)有(you)毒(du)性(xing)和(he)強(qiang)烈(lie)刺(ci)激(ji)性(xing)的(de)飼(si)料(liao)，同(tong)時(shi)要(yao)做(zuo)好(hao)懷(huai)孕(yun)母(mu)羊(yang)的(de)保(bao)胎(tai)工(gong)作(zuo)，避(bi)免(mian)意(yi)外(wai)因(yin)素(su)導(dao)致(zhi)胎(tai)兒(er)中(zhong)途(tu)死(si)亡(wang)，確(que)保(bao)胚(pei)胎(tai)正(zheng)常(chang)生(sheng)長(chang)發(fa)育(yu)
，以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)母(mu)羊(yang)一(yi)胎(tai)多(duo)羔(gao)
，且(qie)羔(gao)羊(yang)體(ti)質(zhi)健(jian)壯(zhuang)，成(cheng)活(huo)率(lv)高(gao)。