Historians often regard the latter part of the 19th century as a time of great "flowering" in the evolution of medicine. New insights in to how germs affect the human body, as well as advancements in microscopy, led scientists to discover the root causes for a multitude of infectious diseases. 

    Now medicine is on the threshold of a second renaissance, and the discoveries of this period may lead to a revolution in the treatment of everything from heart disease to cancer. The field is known as pharmaco-genetics and the mission is to design drugs that are targeted to a patient's genetic profile. Though still in its infancy, the field has made critical steps in the battle against some cancers, and show great potential for improving the overall effectiveness of all drugs. 

    曆史學家常把十九世紀後半段視為醫學演進“百花齊放”的時代。有關細菌如何影響人體的新見解，以及顯微技術的進展，都引領科學家找到多種感染性疾病的根源。 

    xianzaiyixueyoulaidaodiergefuxingdemenkan
，zheyijieduandezhongzhongfaxiankenengdaidongcongxinzangbingdaoaizhenggezhongjibingzhiliaofangfadegexin。zheyigelingyujiaozuoyaowuyichuanxue，zongzhishiyizhaobingrendejiyintezhishejiyaowu，suiranhaizaicaochuangjieduan，danyijingzaiduikangyixieaizhengfangmianyouzhongyaodejinzhan，bingqiezaigaijinsuoyouyaowudezhengtiliaoxiaoshangzhanxianlehendadeqianli。 

    Breaking the Mold  打破窠臼 

    Drug companies have an especially keen interest in personalized medicine. The current model of prescribing one big-name drug to millions upon millions of patients has proven ineffective, and sometimes deadly. 

    Drug-maker Merck and Co. knows the dangers of the blockbuster drug model all too well. One of their products-the painkiller Vioxx-was shown to increase the risk of blood clots in a very small number of patients. As a result, a jury recently returned a $253 million verdict against the company for the death of a patient who had been taking Vioxx. And this was only the first of many lawsuits.

    Right now, scientists know very little about how human genes are linked to drug side effects. Pharmacogenetics seeks to change all that. Someday all patients may undergogenetic screening. They can then be divided into different categories based on those test. Doctors will be able to take a genttic profile and immediately know which drugs are safe to prescribe, and which ones are not. Drugs won't be hand-crafted fro every patient, but rather prescribed to different populations determined by their genetic subsets.

    yaochangduigerenhuayaopindexingqutebienonghou。muqianweishuyibaiwanjidebingrenkaichutongyizhongmingpaiyaopinchufangdemoshi
，yizhengshixiaoguobuzhang
，youshihaihuizhibingrenyusidi。

    默沙東藥廠對一體通用給與知名藥品模式的個中危險知之甚詳。該廠的一種產品──止痛劑偉克適──經jing證zheng明ming會hui增zeng加jia極ji少shao數shu病bing人ren的de凝ning血xue風feng險xian。因yin此ci陪pei審shen團tuan最zui近jin對dui一yi位wei病bing患huan服fu用yong偉wei克ke適shi死si亡wang的de案an件jian，做zuo出chu由you該gai廠chang賠pei償chang兩liang億yi五wu千qian三san百bai萬wan美mei元yuan的de判pan決jue，這zhe隻zhi不bu過guo是shi許xu多duo訴su訟song案an的de第di一yi件jian而er已yi。

    目mu前qian科ke學xue家jia對dui於yu人ren類lei基ji因yin與yu藥yao物wu副fu作zuo用yong之zhi間jian的de關guan係xi所suo知zhi非fei常chang有you限xian。但dan藥yao物wu遺yi傳chuan學xue要yao改gai變bian這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang。有you朝chao一yi日ri
，所suo有you病bing人ren都dou可ke能neng要yao接jie受shou基ji因yin篩shai檢jian，然ran後hou根gen據ju化hua驗yan結jie果guo將jiang他ta們men分fen門men別bie類lei。醫yi生sheng一yi拿na到dao基ji因yin資zi料liao，立li刻ke就jiu知zhi道dao開kai出chu哪na些xie藥yao很hen安an全quan，哪na些xie藥yao卻que不bu然ran。藥yao物wu並bing非fei為wei個ge別bie病bing人ren量liang身shen訂ding做zuo

，而er是shi針zhen對dui依yi照zhao基ji因yin群qun組zu來lai分fen類lei的de各ge種zhong人ren分fen別bie開kai藥yao。