suizheshichangjingjigaigedejinyibushenhua,zhongxiaoqiyeruyuhouchunsunbanyongxianchulai,zhejidadihuoyuelezhenggeshehuijingji。danshiyouyuzhongxiaoqiyebenshendejuxianxingyijixianjieduanfazhandebuwanshan,shidezhongxiaoqiyezaizhiliangbaozhengtixihechanpinzhiliangfangmiancunzaijiaoduowenti。為了保護人民群眾的生命財產安全,國家認監委頒布的《第一批實施強製性產品認證的產品目錄》就覆蓋了很多中小企業的產品。這些企業的產品如不能獲得CCC認證,將不準出廠、xiaoshouheshiyong,qiyejianghuiyinciguanmen。yinci,duiyuzhexieqiyelaijiang,ruhejiehezishenshijiqingkuang,jianliyigefuheqiangzhixingrenzhengchanpinshishixizeguidingdezhiliangbaozhengtixi,shifeichangzhongyaode。
中小企業質量保證體係的主要特點:
一是組織機構簡單,產品的技術含量低,生產規模也比較小,以勞動密集型居多。
二是生產工藝簡單,生產流程少,工藝設備、檢驗設備、儀器、量具相對簡陋,不完善。
三是員工流動性大,素質普遍較低,除了少數有經驗的技術人員外,大部分的員工學曆較低,沒有經過專業培訓,上崗培訓過於簡單。
基於以上情況,中小企業不要盲目地按照ISO9001:2000標準來建立質量管理體係,應從確保產品安全性的角度,根據強製性認證產品質量保證的十條要求,建立一個“纖巧化”的質量保證體係,控製關鍵的過程。在建立有效的質量保證體係時,應特別關注以下幾個問題:
一是選擇好質量保證負責人。一般說來,中小企業組織機構簡單,有經驗、懂(dong)管(guan)理(li)和(he)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)人(ren)員(yuan)少(shao)。因(yin)此(ci),為(wei)滿(man)足(zu)國(guo)家(jia)強(qiang)製(zhi)性(xing)產(chan)品(pin)認(ren)證(zheng)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)以(yi)及(ji)為(wei)建(jian)立(li)一(yi)個(ge)有(you)效(xiao)的(de)質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)體(ti)係(xi),關(guan)鍵(jian)就(jiu)是(shi)要(yao)明(ming)確(que)質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)負(fu)責(ze)人(ren)的(de)職(zhi)責(ze),並(bing)選(xuan)擇(ze)合(he)適(shi)的(de)人(ren)選(xuan),這(zhe)樣(yang)才(cai)能(neng)為(wei)企(qi)業(ye)各(ge)項(xiang)職(zhi)能(neng)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)打(da)好(hao)組(zu)織(zhi)基(ji)礎(chu)。
xuanzezhiliangbaozhengfuzeren,shouxian,yingkaolvgairenyuanzaibenqiyedequanweixing,ruguomeiyouyidingdequanweihediwei,zhiliangbaozhengfuzerenshibukenengyouxiaodishishizhegezhongyaozhinengde。erzhegequanweixing,yifangmianyaokaoqiyelingdaocengduiqidezhengshishouquan,lingyifangmianyaokaoqigerendelingdaocainenghemeili。qici,xuanzezhiliangbaozhengfuzeren,cizhiliangbaozhengfuzerenyinglejieguojiayouguandefalv、法(fa)規(gui)和(he)強(qiang)製(zhi)性(xing)認(ren)證(zheng)產(chan)品(pin)的(de)程(cheng)序(xu)規(gui)則(ze)以(yi)及(ji)本(ben)企(qi)業(ye)產(chan)品(pin)適(shi)用(yong)的(de)安(an)全(quan)認(ren)證(zheng)標(biao)準(zhun)。這(zhe)樣(yang),質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)負(fu)責(ze)人(ren)才(cai)能(neng)組(zu)織(zhi)本(ben)企(qi)業(ye)有(you)關(guan)人(ren)員(yuan)學(xue)習(xi)安(an)全(quan)標(biao)準(zhun),並(bing)獨(du)立(li)地(di)、公正地執行CCC認證采用的安全標準,行使有效的監督。
ershijiaqiangshengchanguochengzhongduigongyidekongzhi。youyuchanpinbijiaojiandan,erqiejishushangbijiaochengshu,huozhezhijiecaiyongwailaidetuyangsheji。yinci,zhongxiaoqiyeyinggaijiaqiangduishengchanguochengzhonggongyidekongzhi,yingshibiechanpinshengchandezhuyaogongyi,lejieqiangzhirenzhengguidingdeanquanjiancedianheanquanzhikongdian,bingjiayimingquebiaoshi。tongshi,yaomingquezhexieguanjiandiandejuticaozuoyaoqiu,binggenjuguojiahuoxingyeyouguanbiaozhunyaoqiubianxiezuoyezhidaoshu,bingqiezuoyezhidaoshuyingliqiuxiangxi、明ming確que,具ju有you可ke操cao作zuo性xing,必bi要yao時shi可ke在zai相xiang關guan崗gang位wei上shang添tian置zhi技ji藝yi評ping定ding準zhun則ze,如ru印yin刷shua電dian路lu板ban插cha件jian崗gang位wei,可ke在zai崗gang位wei上shang放fang置zhi一yi塊kuai印yin刷shua電dian路lu板ban,標biao識shi出chu待dai插cha孔kong位wei,這zhe樣yang就jiu便bian於yu員yuan工gong操cao作zuo,並bing要yao求qiu員yuan工gong嚴yan格ge地di按an作zuo業ye指zhi導dao書shu規gui範fan操cao作zuo。
三(san)是(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)對(dui)員(yuan)工(gong)的(de)培(pei)訓(xun),注(zhu)重(zhong)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)的(de)實(shi)際(ji)操(cao)作(zuo)技(ji)能(neng)。在(zai)中(zhong)小(xiao)企(qi)業(ye)中(zhong),大(da)部(bu)分(fen)員(yuan)工(gong)受(shou)教(jiao)育(yu)水(shui)平(ping)不(bu)高(gao),對(dui)本(ben)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)產(chan)品(pin)一(yi)知(zhi)半(ban)解(jie),因(yin)此(ci),培(pei)訓(xun)顯(xian)得(de)尤(you)為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)。企(qi)業(ye)最(zui)高(gao)管(guan)理(li)者(zhe),主(zhu)要(yao)是(shi)質(zhi)量(liang)保(bao)證(zheng)負(fu)責(ze)人(ren),應(ying)明(ming)確(que)不(bu)同(tong)崗(gang)位(wei)的(de)知(zhi)識(shi)和(he)技(ji)能(neng)要(yao)求(qiu),尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)檢(jian)驗(yan)、shiyangangweideyaoqiu,zaiduiyuangongdesuzhiquanmiantiaozhadejichushang,quedingbutongyuangong,butonggangweidepeixunneironghechengdu,zhidingquanmiandepeixunjihuabingshishi。xuyaoqiangtiaodeshi,guanlizheyaoquebaopeixundeyouxiaoxing,shiyuangongjieshouqipeixunneirong,並在實際操作中能切實地按操作要求作業。
四si是shi加jia強qiang檢jian驗yan手shou段duan和he設she備bei的de管guan理li。一yi般ban說shuo來lai,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye檢jian驗yan和he實shi驗yan設she備bei不bu多duo,或huo者zhe根gen本ben就jiu沒mei有you,或huo者zhe量liang程cheng或huo精jing度du等deng達da不bu到dao檢jian驗yan或huo實shi驗yan的de要yao求qiu,或huo者zhe根gen本ben沒mei有you經jing過guo計ji量liang就jiu直zhi接jie使shi用yong,使shi檢jian驗yan結jie果guo不bu可ke信xin,檢jian驗yan和he實shi驗yan流liu於yu形xing式shi,因yin此ci也ye無wu法fa控kong製zhi和he判pan斷duan各ge個ge工gong序xu產chan品pin的de質zhi量liang。國guo家jia對dui於yu實shi施shi強qiang製zhi認ren證zheng的de產chan品pin,都dou規gui定ding了le生sheng產chan企qi業ye必bi須xu具ju備bei的de儀yi器qi和he設she備bei,以yi及ji企qi業ye自zi身shen必bi須xu進jin行xing的de檢jian驗yan和he實shi驗yan項xiang目mu。因yin此ci,企qi業ye應ying按an照zhao要yao求qiu購gou置zhi必bi備bei的de儀yi器qi和he設she備bei,並bing對dui用yong於yu測ce量liang產chan品pin質zhi量liang的de儀yi表biao要yao進jin行xing定ding期qi計ji量liang,並bing且qie,凡fan有you計ji量liang標biao準zhun的de,一yi定ding要yao按an計ji量liang標biao準zhun進jin行xing計ji量liang,對dui工gong裝zhuang夾jia具ju也ye應ying納na入ru正zheng常chang管guan理li。
五是重視對供應商的選擇和評價,提高關鍵安全元器件和原材料的質量。關鍵元器件和原材料的質量直接影響著產品(包括整機和元器件)的安全性。因此,中小企業應非常注意對關鍵元器件和原材料的選擇。
首(shou)先(xian),對(dui)於(yu)選(xuan)擇(ze)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)和(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao),如(ru)果(guo)已(yi)經(jing)納(na)入(ru)到(dao)國(guo)家(jia)強(qiang)製(zhi)認(ren)證(zheng)的(de)目(mu)錄(lu)中(zhong),則(ze)應(ying)該(gai)選(xuan)擇(ze)已(yi)經(jing)取(qu)得(de)強(qiang)製(zhi)認(ren)證(zheng)證(zheng)書(shu)的(de)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)和(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)。第(di)二(er),在(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)和(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)時(shi),適(shi)用(yong)時(shi),除(chu)了(le)看(kan)該(gai)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)和(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)是(shi)否(fou)有(you)強(qiang)製(zhi)認(ren)證(zheng)證(zheng)書(shu),同(tong)時(shi),還(hai)應(ying)該(gai)確(que)認(ren)該(gai)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)和(he)原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)型(xing)號(hao)、規格和特性滿足自己產品設計的要求。第三,選擇時,還應該注重對供應商的質量體係、交貨期限、服務態度、價jia格ge等deng方fang麵mian進jin行xing綜zong合he的de評ping價jia,以yi便bian使shi供gong應ying商shang能neng長chang期qi穩wen定ding地di向xiang自zi己ji提ti供gong能neng滿man足zu各ge項xiang要yao求qiu的de產chan品pin。第di四si,對dui於yu采cai購gou的de安an全quan元yuan器qi件jian和he原yuan材cai料liao,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye一yi般ban並bing不bu具ju備bei對dui各ge種zhong性xing能neng的de檢jian測ce條tiao件jian,這zhe種zhong檢jian測ce大da部bu分fen應ying由you元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao製zhi造zao廠chang進jin行xing,隻zhi要yao製zhi造zao廠chang能neng夠gou提ti供gong證zheng明ming該gai批pi產chan品pin符fu合he規gui定ding要yao求qiu的de合he格ge證zheng書shu或huo檢jian驗yan記ji錄lu,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye都dou可ke以yi采cai取qu驗yan證zheng的de方fang式shi來lai確que認ren提ti供gong的de元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao滿man足zu要yao求qiu。但dan是shi即ji使shi在zai這zhe種zhong情qing況kuang下xia,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye也ye不bu能neng免mian除chu元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao應ying符fu合he有you關guan標biao準zhun的de責ze任ren。對dui於yu沒mei有you附fu合he格ge證zheng的de元yuan器qi件jian或huo原yuan材cai料liao,中zhong小xiao企qi業ye則ze必bi須xu按an規gui定ding的de水shui平ping(包括抽樣方法、檢驗水平和合格質量水平)對其重要性能進行檢測。
中zhong小xiao企qi業ye在zai建jian立li質zhi量liang保bao證zheng體ti係xi的de實shi際ji運yun作zuo中zhong會hui遇yu到dao各ge種zhong問wen題ti,但dan是shi,隻zhi要yao企qi業ye領ling導dao能neng夠gou對dui強qiang製zhi認ren證zheng工gong作zuo予yu以yi重zhong視shi,組zu織zhi相xiang應ying的de領ling導dao班ban子zi,並bing從cong以yi上shang幾ji個ge方fang麵mian著zhe手shou,應ying該gai說shuo是shi可ke以yi建jian立li並bing維wei持chi一yi個ge有you效xiao運yun行xing的de質zhi量liang保bao證zheng體ti係xi的de。
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